Gustav Stresemann

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

You have new messages (last change).
Gustav Stresemann
Gustav Stresemann
In office
August 13 – November 23, 1923
Preceded by Wilhelm Cuno
Succeeded by Wilhelm Marx
Born May 10, 1878
Died October 3, 1929
Political party German People's Party

Gustav Stresemann (help·info) (May 10, 1878 – October 3, 1929) was a German liberal politician and statesman who served as Chancellor and Foreign Secretary during the Weimar Republic. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Contents

[edit] Early Years

Stresemann was born in Berlin, Germany. He came from middle class origins, as the son of a Berlin innkeeper and beer distributor. However, he attended Universities of Berlin and Leipzig, studied philosophy and literature and received a doctorate in economics. He also became a spokesman for his student association.

In 1902 he founded the Saxon Manufacturers' Association. In 1903 he married Käte Kleefeld, daughter of a wealthy Jewish Berlin businessman. At that time he was also a member of Friedrich Naumann's National-Social Association. In 1906 he was elected into Dresden town council. Though he had initially worked in trade associations, Stresemann soon became a leader of the National Liberal Party in Saxony, being elected to the Reichstag in 1907, where he soon became a close associate of party chairman Ernst Bassermann. However, he disagreed with the most conservative party member and lost his post in the party's executive committee in 1912 and later the same year both his parliamentary and town council seats. He returned to business and founded the German-American Economic Association. He returned to Reichstag in 1914. He was exempted from the war service due to poor health.

Stresemann's politics defy easy categorisation. Today, he is generally considered one of the most important leaders of Germany and a staunch supporter of democracy in the fragile Weimar Republic. Further, he is noted as one of the first to envisage European economic integration. Arguably, his most notable achievement is the reconciliation between Germany and France, for which he and Aristide Briand received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926.

However, the evolution of his political ideas appears somewhat erratic. Initially, in the German Empire, Stresemann had been associated with the left wing of the National Liberals. During World War I, he gradually moved to the right, expressing his support of the monarchy and Germany's expansionist goals. He was one of the proponents of the unrestricted submarine warfare.

Stresemann's association with the right ultimately led to his exclusion from the new German Democratic Party after the war, leading him to found his own party, the DVP (Deutsche Volkspartei German People's Party), composed of the right wing of the old National Liberal Party. Most of its support came from middle class and upper class Protestants. The DVP platform promoted Christian family values, secular education, a policy of lowering tariffs, hostility to Marxism (in the Weimar Republic, the term Marxism referred not only to the Communists, but to the Social Democrats as well), opposition to welfare spending and agrarian subsides, and at best a grudging acceptance of democracy.

Although the party was initially seen, along with the more straightforwardly conservative German National People's Party, as part of the "national opposition" to the Weimar Republic, particularly for its ambivalent attitude towards the Freikorps and the Kapp Putsch in 1920, Stresemann gradually tried to cooperate with the parties of the left and center - possibly under the impression of political murders like that of Walther Rathenau.

[edit] In the Weimar Republic

On August 13, 1923, in the midst of the Ruhr Crisis, he was appointed Chancellor of a grand coalition government. As Chancellor, Stresemann went a long way towards resolving the crisis, but some of his moves - like his refusal to deal firmly with culprits of the Beer Hall Putsch - alienated the Social Democrats, who left the coalition and caused its collapse in November 23, 1923. Stresemann remained as Foreign Minister in the government of his successor, Centrist Wilhelm Marx, and continued to hold that position through numerous governments until his death.

As Foreign Secretary, Stresemann had numerous achievements, particularly the signing of the Locarno Pact with Britain, France, Italy, and Belgium in 1925, the entry of Germany into the League of Nations as permanent member of the Security Council in 1926, and the Dawes Plan of 1924, the Treaty of Berlin in 1926 and Young Plan of 1929, which reduced Germany's reparations payments under the Treaty of Versailles. He also befriended Aristide Briand, with whom he shared the 1926 Nobel Peace Prize for achieving Franco-German reconciliation along with Britain's Foreign Minister Austen Chamberlain.[1]

Stresemann was not, however, in any sense pro-French. His main preoccupation was how to free Germany from the burden of reparations payments to Britain and France that had been imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles. His strategy for achieving this was to forge an economic alliance with the United States. This was based on the fact that the U.S. was Germany's main source of food and raw materials imports, and one of the Germany's largest export markets for manufactured goods. Germany's economic recovery was thus in the interests of the U.S., and gave the U.S. an incentive to help Germany escape from the reparations burden. The Dawes and Young plans were the result of this strategy. Stresemann had a close relationship with Herbert Hoover, who was Secretary of Commerce 1921-28 and President from 1928. This strategy worked remarkably well until it was derailed by the Great Depression after Stresemann's death.[2]

During his period in the foreign ministry, Stresemann came more and more to accept the Republic, which he had at first rejected. By the mid-1920s, having contributed much to a (temporary) consolidation of the feeble democratic order, Stresemann was regarded as a Vernunftrepublikaner (republican by reason) - someone who accepted the Republic as the least of all evils, but was in their heart still loyal to the monarchy. The conservative opposition criticised him for his supporting the republic and fulfilling too willingly the demands of the Western powers; along with Matthias Erzberger and others, he was attacked as a Erfüllungspolitiker ("fulfillment politician").

Stresemann is remembered for his role in consolidating liberal democracy in Germany and concluding peace with her western neighbours. On the other hand, his position on the Polish-German border per the treaty of Versailles and the Upper Silesian plebiscite was as uncompromising as any German politician's of that time, with the exception of far-left social democrats and communists.

In 1925, when he first proposed an agreement with France, he made it clear that in doing so he intended to "gain a free hand to secure a peaceful change of the borders in the East and [...] concentrate on a later incorporation of German territories in the East".[3] In the same year, while Poland was in a state of political and economic crisis, Stresemann began a trade war against the country. Stresemann hoped for an escalation of the Polish crisis, which would eventually enable Germany to take back territories it was forced to cede to Poland after WW1 and he wanted Germany to gain a larger market for its products there. For this reason, Stresemann refused to engage in any international cooperation that would have "prematurely" restabilised the Polish economy. In response to a British proposal, Stresemann wrote to the German ambassador in London: "[A] final and lasting recapitalisation of Poland must be delayed until the country is ripe for a settlement of the border according to our wishes and until our own position is sufficiently strong". According to Stresemann's letter, there should be no settlement "until [Poland's] economic and financial distress has reached an extreme stage and reduced the entire Polish body politic to a state of powerlessness".[4]

Gustav Stresemann died of a massive heart attack in October 1929 at the age of 51. His sudden and premature death, as well as that death of his "pragmatic moderate" French counterpart Briand in 1931, and the assassination of Briand's successor Louis Barthou in 1934, left a vacuum in European statesmanship that further tilted the slippery slope towards World War II.

Gustav and Käthe had two sons, Wolfgang and Joachim Stresemann.

Long Hanborough in Oxfordshire, is named in his honour, and there is a small plaque to commemorate his life.

[edit] First Cabinet, August - October 1923

[edit] Second Cabinet, October - November 1923

Changes

  • November 3, 1923 - The Social Democratic Ministers, Sollmann, Radbruch, and Schmidt, resign. Sollmann is succeeded as Interior Minister by Karl Jarres (DVP). The others are not replaced before the ministry falls

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ Annelise Thimme. "Stresemann and Locarno", 74
  2. ^ Adam Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 6
  3. ^ Stresemann in an article for the Hamburger Fremdenblatt, 10 April 1922, quoted after Martin Broszat, 200 Jahre deutsche Polenpolitik, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1972, p. 220.
  4. ^ Stresemann in a letter to the German ambassador in London, quoted after Broszat (see above), p. 224.

[edit] Books

  • Turner, Henry Ashby Stresemann and the politics of the Weimar Republic, Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press, 1963.
  • Wright, Jonathan Gustav Stresemann: Weimar's Greatest Statesman (2002).
  • Enssle, Manfred J. Stresemann's Territorial Revisionism (1980).

[edit] External links

Preceded by
Hans von Rosenberg		 Minister of Foreign Affairs
1923-1929		 Succeeded by
Julius Curtius
Preceded by
Wilhelm Cuno		 Chancellor of Germany
1923		 Succeeded by
Wilhelm Marx
v • d • e
Chancellors of Germany
Flag of the German Empire German Empire (1871–1918): Otto von Bismarck | Leo von Caprivi | Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst | Bernhard von Bülow | Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg | Georg Michaelis | Georg von Hertling | Prince Maximilian of Baden • Flag of the Weimar Republic Weimar Republic (1919–1933): Friedrich Ebert | Philipp Scheidemann | Gustav Bauer | Hermann Müller | Konstantin Fehrenbach | Joseph Wirth | Wilhelm Cuno | Gustav Stresemann | Wilhelm Marx | Hans Luther | Wilhelm Marx | Hermann Müller | Heinrich Brüning | Franz von Papen | Kurt von Schleicher • Flag of Nazi Germany Nazi Germany (1933–1945): Adolf Hitler | Joseph Goebbels | Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk • Flag of Germany Federal Republic of Germany (1949–): Konrad Adenauer | Ludwig Erhard | Kurt Georg Kiesinger | Willy Brandt | Helmut Schmidt | Helmut Kohl | Gerhard Schröder | Angela Merkel
Coat of Arms of the Weimar Republic
The Second Müller Cabinet – 28 June 1928 to 27 March 1930

Hermann Müller (Chancellor, SPD) | Gustav Stresemann (DVP) | Julius Curtius (DVP) | Carl Severing (SPD) | Erich Koch-Weser (DDP) | Theodor von Guérard (Z) | Rudolf Hilferding (SPD) | Paul Moldenhauer (DVP) | Robert Schmidt (SPD) | Hermann Dietrich (DDP) | Rudolf Wissell (SPD) | Wilhelm Groener (independent) | Georg Schätzel (BVP) | Adam Stegerwald (Z) | Joseph Wirth (Z)

 
Nobel Peace Prize: Laureates (1926–1950)
v • d • e

1926: Briand, Stresemann | 1927: Buisson, Quidde | 1929: Kellogg | 1930: Söderblom | 1931: Addams, Butler | 1933: Angell | 1934: Henderson | 1935: Ossietzky | 1936: Lamas | 1937: Cecil | 1938: Nansen Office | 1944: ICRC | 1945: Hull | 1946: Balch, Mott | 1947: QPSW, AFSC | 1949: Boyd Orr | 1950: Bunche
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org../../../g/u/s/Gustav_Stresemann_8f4a.html"