Guilford Puteal
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The Guilford Puteal (alternative, though incorrect, spelling - Guildford Puteal) is a Pentelic marble Roman sculpture. Its name derives from one of its previous owners, Frederick North, second Earl of Guilford), its use as a puteal or well-head. Its discovery in Corinth leads to an alternative modern name, the Corinth Puteal.
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[edit] Ancient life
It is a cylindrical drum 50cm by 106cm and dates to circa 30-10 BC. It is part of a commemorative memorial in the city of ancient Corinth (recently refounded by Augustus's adoptive father Julius Caesar) to Augustus's victory at the battle of Actium. Work is ongoing to locate the likely original site of the monument from which it came, perhaps even with part of its missing moulding restored.
[edit] Iconography
It is decorated in low relief with ten figures of deities and heroes. At the front two short processions meet: on the left is Apollo with his lyre (Augustus's patron deity) who leads Artemis (trailing her stag) and another woman (probably their mother Leto). Behind Leto, from left to right, is Hermes/Mercury (in winged sandals) leading 3 dancing women or nymphs. On the right is Athena/Minerva (another patron of Augustus, her arm extended to hold her helmet) leading Herakles/Hercules (with his club on his shoulder and a quiver beneath his arm, patron of Augustus's defeated enemy Mark Antony) and a veiled woman (Hera, Aphrodite or Heracles's bride Hebe). The figures were spaced wide apart, and were designed in the Neo Attic style, a version of the archaic sixth century BC Greek style.
[edit] Similar examples
- a relief in the collection of the Villa Albani in Rome, catalogued in the 18th century by Winckelmann
- Nicopolis, now on show at the Archaeological Museum at Ioannina
- Complete, and semicircular. It has identical figures on the same scale (though compressed together to fit the semi-circular rather than circular format).
- Smashed into tiny fragments, with similar archaising figures of deities.
- a fragmentary base from Ephesus in western Turkey, itself recycled for later use and now in the collections of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Decorated with some similar figures, but also others that do not appear on the puteal, this has a Greek inscription honouring the children of the recently deceased Agrippa, who had charge of Octavian's fleet at Actium.
[edit] Later life
[edit] To the 19th century
It was used as a well-head after antiquity, either by a 19th century Turkish owner or possibly earlier. This Turk displayed it the right way up, endangering the remains of the figures. Its next owner was Notara, a cultured Greek official with a fine library and a member of a distinguished family who could trace their descent back to the Byzantine Palaeologi, also used it in his garden as a wellhead but inverted it in an attempt to save it from further damage. By the time it passed to him its upper moulding, much of the bead-and-reel decoration of its lower moulding, and (most likely from an act of vandalism of unknown date, perhaps related to iconoclasm) the heads of the figures moving in two processions around the drum had all already been lost.
In the earliest years of the nineteenth century Notara presided over a guest-house for western travellers to Corinth, ensuring the Puteal became known to the west via them. Whilst there it was drawn by Edward Dodwell's artist Simone Pomardi, and at an unknown date by Dodwell himself, and described by Dodwell in his account of his travels in Greece, and by Colonel William Leake. Dodwell perceptively recognised its close links with a relief in the collection of the Villa Albani in Rome, catalogued in the eighteenth century by Winckelmann. The Count von Stackelberg also drew casts of it, which had been taken to Athens.
It was then acquired by Frederick North (later Earl of Guilford) in 1810 at Corinth. It was among the sixty crates of marble sculpture he shipped from Greece in 1813. These were for display at his London house in Westminster, which was acquired with its contents on his death in 1827 by Thomas Wentworth Beaumont, an MP and member of a Yorkshire family. It was he who moved it to Bretton Hall for display, possibly in the stables built in 1830 by George Basevi, better known as the architect of the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge.
[edit] Loss and rediscovery
When the German scholar Adolf Michaelis came to compile his great work, Ancient Marbles in Great Britain in the 1860s, the Puteal's location had already been lost to academia, and so he issued a rallying-cry in an article in the Journal of Hellenic Studies. A century later, its whereabouts still remained unknown and the object only known through drawings.
Meanwhile it passed with Bretton Hall to West Riding County Council (in 1947, becoming a teacher training college) and then (in 2000) to Leeds University. In 1992 Peter Brears, curator of Leeds City Museum, and Bretton Hall fine art professor David Hill, sent a letter to the British Museum's Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, rightly surmising that a couple of sculptures in the Hall's gardens were ancient and of interest. One was the Puteal, then in use as a planter. By 1995, a keeper of the British Museum was then able to match figures from Pomardi and Stackelburg's drawings to Brears's slides of the sculptures. This positive identification led to the sculpture's being moved and conserved using BM and Henry Moore Foundation expertise, but it was not exhibited at this time, despite plans to do so.
On the College's absorption into Leeds University, the HEFCE instructed the University to put the Puteal and an altar from the same collection on the art market.
By 2002 Christie's had valued them and an overseas sale had been negotiated. However, at the same time the Nicopolis examples were found and came to the attention of the same BM keeper. This discovery, giving it a date and context for the first time, allowed the Department of Culture, Media and Sport to stop export of the Guilford Puteal while the British Museum raised the necessary funds to acquire it. It was eventually bought for £294,009 (including an £108,000 Art Fund grant and other money from the Heritage Lottery Fund, the British Museum Friends and the Caryatids of the Greek and Roman Department) - this would have been higher had it gone onto the open market and through the usual sales processes, or if the Museum had not been able to respond as rapidly as it could due to the Nicopolis discovery.
As part of the University-College merger agreement with HEFCE, 80% of the proceeds went to the HEFCE and 20% to the University to offset the significant investment both the University and College had made to the pieces' upkeep.
At the British Museum the puteal was at first displayed as a triumphant new acquisition in the Round Reading Room in the Great Court, but is now on display in the limited-opening Room 83 in the basement.
[edit] External links
- Art Fund
- University of Leeds "Reporter"
- "Transactions of the Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. - The Session of 1883", in The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 4, 1883 (1883), pp. xxxvii-lii
- C. Vermeule, D. von Bothmer, "Notes on a New Edition of Michaelis: Ancient Marbles in Great Britain Part Two", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 60, No. 4 (Oct., 1956), pp. 321-350
- British Museum - Acquisitions
