Ground and neutral
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- For uses of the term ground or earth in electricity but outside of mains wiring please see ground (electricity)
Ground or earth in a mains (AC power) electrical wiring system is a conductor that exists primarily to help protect against faults and which in normal operation does not carry current.
The term "ground" is used in Canada and the U.S.; the term "earth" is used in most of the rest of the English-speaking world. They are used synonymously here.
Neutral is a circuit conductor that may carry current in normal operation, and which is usually connected to earth. In house wiring, it is the center tap connection of the secondary winding of the power company's transformer.
- In a polyphase or three-wire AC system, the neutral conductor is intended to have similar voltages to each of the other circuit conductors, and similar phase spacing. By this definition, a circuit must have at least three wires for one to serve as a neutral.
- In the electrical trade, the conductor of a 2-wire circuit that is connected to the supply neutral point and earth ground is also referred to as the "neutral". This is formally described in the US and Canadian electrical codes as the "identified" circuit conductor.
The NEC and Canadian electrical code only define neutral as the first of these. In North American use, the second definition is used in less formal language but not in official specifications. In the UK the IEE definition is a conductor connected to the supply system neutral point, which includes both these uses.
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[edit] Earthing systems
The names for the following methods of earthing are those defined by IEC standards, which are used in Europe and many other regions. For a more detailed explanation, see earthing systems. Different terminology is used in North America, but the basic principles should be the same everywhere.
Since the neutral point of a supply system is often connected to earth ground, neutral and earth are closely related. Various measures are used to minimize the voltage difference between neutral and local earth ground. In some systems, the neutral and earth join together at the service intake (TN-C-S); in others, they run completely separately back to the transformer neutral terminal (TN-S), and in others they are kept completely separate with the house earth having its own rod and the neutral being rodded down to earth within the distribution network (TT). In a few cases, they are combined in house wiring (TN-C), but the dangers of broken neutrals (see below) and the cost of the special cables needed to mitigate this mean that it is rarely done nowadays.
In the USA, the chassis/cases of some ovens and clothes dryers were grounded through their neutral wires, as a measure to conserve copper during the Second World War. This practice was removed from the NEC in the 1996 edition, but existing installations may still allow the chassis/case grounding of such appliances to be connected to the neutral conductor. Note that the NEC may be amended by local regulations in each state and city. This change to the NEC was implemented because ovens and dryers have components that use both 120 and 240 volts, and thus there is often current on the neutral wire. This differs from the protective grounding wire, which only carries current under fault conditions. A chassis connected to the grounding wire is generally safe because the heavier wire that feeds high-power appliances is less likely to break. The bonding connection between the neutral and grounding wires is only to be done at the main service panel.
[edit] How the earth protects
In a system with a grounded (earthed) neutral, connecting all non-current-carrying metallic parts of equipment to earth ground at the main service panel, will ensure that current due to faults/ failures will be diverted to earth. In a TN system where there is a direct connection from the installation earth to the transformer neutral, earthing will allow the branch circuit overcurrent protection (a fuse or circuit breaker) to detect the fault rapidly and interrupt the circuit.
In the case of a TT system where the impedance is high due to the lack of direct connection to the transformer neutral an RCD (Residual-Current Device, sometimes known as a Residual Current Circuit Breaker) must be used to provide disconnection. RCDs are also used in other situations where rapid disconnection of small earth faults (including a human touching a live wire by accident, or damage) is desired.
[edit] Equipotential bonding
Equipotential bonding involves joining together metalwork that is or may be earthed so that it is at the same potential everywhere. Such is commonly used under transformer banks by power companies and under large computer installations.
Equipotential bonding is done from the Service Panel consumer unit (also known as fuse box, breaker box and distribution board) to incoming water and gas services. It is also done in bathrooms where all exposed metal that leaves the bathroom including metal pipes and the earths of electrical circuits must be bonded together to ensure that they are always at the same potential. Isolated metal objects including metal fittings fed by plastic pipe (water in a thin pipe is actually a very poor conductor) are not required to be bonded. European and North American practices differ here; equipotential bonding in bathrooms is not required by North American codes, although it is required around swimming pools.
In Australia and South Africa, a house's earth cables must be connected both to an earthing rod/stake driven into the ground and also to the plumbing.
Exact rules for electrical installations vary by country, locality, or supplying power company.
Special measures may be required in barns used for milking dairy cattle. Very small differential voltages, not usually perceptible to humans, may cause low milk yield, or even mastitis. So-called "tingle voltage filters" may be required in the electrical distribution system for a milking parlour.
[edit] Combining neutral with earth
Connecting the neutral to the equipment case provides some protection against faults/shorts, but may produce a dangerous voltage on the case if the neutral connection is broken.
Combined neutral and earths are commonly used in electricity supply companies' wiring and occasionally for fixed wiring in buildings and for some specialist applications where there is little choice like railways and trams. Since normal circuit currents in the neutral conductor can lead to objectionable or dangerous differences between local earth potential and the neutral and to protect against neutral breakages, special precautions such as frequent rodding down to earth, use of cables where the combined neutral and earth completely surrounds the phase core(s) and thicker than normal equipotential bonding must be considered to ensure the system is safe.
[edit] Portable appliances
In North American practice small portable equipment connected by a cord set may have only two conductors in the attachment plug. A polarised plug is used to maintain the identity of the neutral conductor into the appliance but it is never used as a chassis/case ground.
The small cords to lamps, etc, have one or more ridges or imbedded strings to identify the neutral conductor.
[edit] References
[1] Rick Gilmour et. al, editor, Canadian Electrical Code Part I, Nineteenth Edition, C22.1-02 Safety Standard for Electrical Installations, Canadian Standards Association, Toronto, Ontario Canada (2002) ISBN 1-55324-690-X
[2] NFPA 70, National Electrical Code 2002, National Fire Protection Association, Inc., Quincy, Massachusetts USA, (2002). no ISBN
[3] IEE Wiring Regulations Regulations for Electrical Installations Fifteenth Edition 1981, The Institution of Electrical Engineers, (1981) Hitchin, Herts. United Kingdom
[edit] External links
- http://www.iee.org/Publish/WireRegs/EarthingPlasticPipes.pdf document from Paul Cook of the IEE talking about why bonding metal accessories fed by plastic pipes is a bad idea.
