Greeks in Romania
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There has been a Greek presence in Romania for at least 27 centuries. At times, as during the Phanariote era, this presence has amounted to hegemony; at other times (including the present), the Greeks have simply been one among the area's many ethnic minorities.
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[edit] History
[edit] Ancient and Medieval Greeks
The Greek presence in what is now Romania dates back as far as the apoikiai (colonies) and emporia (trade stations) founded in and around Dobruja (see Colonies in antiquity and Pontic Greeks), beginning in the 7th century BC. Starting with the Milesian colony at Istros, the process reached its height after Tomis was founded in the 5th century BC. Although forever subject to the Dacian interference and easily disrupted by changes in the politics of neighbour tribal chieftains, the colonies prospered until being briefly submitted in various forms by King Burebista (late 1st century BC). Immediately after, and for the following centuries, they were stripped of their privileges by their new Roman masters, and followed the Empire into its crises.
The Byzantine Empire was a living presence north of the Danube, maintaining a cultural hegemony over the lands virtually until its disappearance (one doubled by certain periods of political dominance in such places as Tomis and Tyras).
[edit] Early modern Greeks
After the fall of the Empire, the Hospodars of Moldavia and Wallachia (the Danubian Principalities) often took on the patronage of many Greek-proper cultural institutions such as several monasteries on Mount Athos, gestures guaranteed to provide prestige in an Eastern Orthodox culture. To this was added the exodus of Byzantine officials and commoners to the two countries, which were at the time under a rather relaxed Ottoman tutelage. They took opportunities to advance in office, and from early on included themselves in the inner circle of power. This meant not only the reliance of Princes on a new elite (more often than not, also one to provide it with the funds needed by the administrative effort), but also the gradual ascendancy of Greeks to the thrones themselves.
The rapid change brought them much hostility from traditional boyars. Landowners in a rudimentary economy, accustomed to have an important say in political developments, these found themselves stripped of importance in the new structure, and became bitterly hostile to the immigrants. However, this was not the only notable trend: there were numerous cases of intermarriage at the top of the social scale (and not only), the arguably most famous of which being the ones inside the very powerful Cantacuzino family.
[edit] The Phanariote period
- Main article: Phanariotes
With the early 18th century emergence of Phanariote rule, Greek culture became the norm. On one hand, this meant a noted neglect for the institutions inside the countries; on the other, the channeling of Princes' energies into emancipation from Ottoman rule, through projects that aimed for the erasing of inner borders of the Empire, moving toward the creation of an all-Balkan, neo-Byzantine state (seen as the extended identity of Greekdom). To these was added the omnipresence and omnipotence of Greek ethnic clerics at all levels of the religious hierarchy, with many monasteries becoming directly submitted to similar institutions in Greece, after being gradually granted by successive Princes.
Thus, the emergence of Greek nationalism opened the two lands to revolution, as the main concentrations of political power available to it at the time, and the ones sharing a border with the expected supporter of the cause - Imperial Russia. The Wallachian stage of the Greek War of Independence consumed itself in a conflict between the initially supportive Anti-Ottoman Revolt led by Tudor Vladimirescu and the Philikí Etaireía, while Moldavia was under Greek occupation for a limited duration. The outcome only served to stir up animosity, and the Ottomans were receptive to the demands, putting an end to the troublesome Phanariote system in 1822.
[edit] 19th and 20th centuries
In time, most Greeks lost their specificity and became fully integrated (for example, a sizable portion of noble families considered "Phanariote" contributed to the adopted culture more than local ones).
With new trends of migration, Romania became a less important target for exiled Greeks, and this became limited to people of lower social status—with ethnic Greeks being most visible as entrepreneurs, middlemen traders, and especially sailors (both on the Danube the Black Sea—in the case of the latter, after the integration of Dobruja in 1878, which also gave Romania a new population of Greeks, already on the spot).
The communities were largely prosperous and maintained specific cultural institutions; they attracted a new wave of arrivals when Greece was hit by the Civil War, in the late 1940s. This situation was challenged by Communist Romania, with the properties of most organizations and many individuals being confiscated, and hundreds of Greek ethnics being imprisoned on sites such as the Danube-Black Sea Canal.
[edit] Present situation
According to the Romanian census of 2002, the Greek community numbered 6,513 persons, most of whom live in Bucharest and its surrounding area. Next in line come the Dobruja counties of Tulcea and Constanţa, and the Danube-facing ones of Brăila and Galaţi. The 1992 census however found 19,594 Greeks;[1] this shows the tendency of ethnic Greeks outside of Greece to acquire Greek citizenship and immigrate to Greece as homogeneis (ομογενείς - persons of Greek descent). According to the General Secretariat for Greeks Abroad (a dependency of the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs) the Greek community in Romania numbers 14,000.[2]
The Hellenic Union of Romania, founded in 1990, represents the political and cultural preservation interests of the community, notably by providing its representatives in the Chamber of Deputies of Romania.
[edit] Notable Romanian people of Modern Greek heritage
[edit] Phanariotes
- the Callimachis - although Moldavian in origin
- Nicolae and Ioan Gheorghe Caragea
- the Ghicas (Greek-Albanian)
- the Mavrocordato
- Nicolae Mavrogheni
- Constantin and Alexandru Moruzi - of the Empire of Trebizond, but also thought to have been Venetian
- Alexander and Constantine Ypsilanti
[edit] Non-Phanariote ethnic Greek rulers over the Danubian Principalities
- Despot Vodă
- Gheorghe and Constantin Duca
- Cantacuzino family - according to the family tradition, they were of Byzantine Greek origin
[edit] Modern-day persons of Greek heritage
- Cezar Bolliac - writer and political activist
- Ion Luca Caragiale - writer and playwright, his uncles Costache Caragiale and Iorgu Caragiale - actors, and his son Mateiu Caragiale - novelist and poet
- George Ciprian - actor and playwright
- Noti Constantinide - diplomat
- Elena of Greece - Queen Mother and Regent of Romania
- Elena Farago - writer
- Panait Istrati - writer and political activist
- Antigone Kefala - Australian poet
- Alexandru Paleologu - writer, diplomat, politician
- Dimitrie Panaitescu Perpessicius - literary critic
- Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu - current Prime Minister of Romania
[edit] See also
- Ethnic groups in Greece who were subject to immigration in Romania:
[edit] Notes
- ^ Greeks in Romania, eurominority.org. Accessed 15 December 2006.
- ^ (Hebrew) ΓΕΝΙΚΑ ΣΤΟΙΧΕΙΑ ΔΙΑΣΠΟΡΑΣ, ggae.gr. Accessed 15 December 2006.
[edit] External links
- (Romanian) The Hellenic Union of Romania
- (Romanian) "Grecii", on the Divers online bulletin for ethnic minorities in Romania (in Romanian)
Officially recognised minorities
Hungarians (Székely • Csángó) · Roma · Ukrainians · Germans · Lipovans · Turks · Tatars · Serbs · Slovaks · Bulgarians · Croats · Greeks · Jews · Czechs · Poles · Italians · Armenians · Macedonians · Albanians · Rusyns
Other minorities
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