Gravity-gradient stabilization
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Gravity-gradient stabilization is a method of stabilising artificial satellites in orbit and maintaining optimum attitude for solar power, communications and sensors. The main advantage over using active stabilisation with propellants, gyroscopes or reaction wheels is the low use of power and resources. It was first used for low Earth orbit and tested unsuccessfully for geosynchronous orbit in the Applications Technology Satellites ATS-2, ATS-4 and ATS-5 from 1966 until 1969.
The principle is to use the Earth's gravitational field and tidal forces to keep the spacecraft aligned in the desired orientation. The gravity of the Earth decreases according the inverse-square law, and by extending the long axis perpendicular to the orbit, the "lower" part of the orbiting structure will be more attracted to the Earth. The effect is that the satellite will tend to align its axis of minimum moment of inertia vertically.
Gravity-gradient stabilization tests were conducted during the Gemini Program, with the Agena Target Vehicle and Gemini space capsule connected by a 50-foot nylon cord.
