Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia
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Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia (Russian: Константи́н Константи́нович) (August 22, 1858–June 15, 1915) was a grandson of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia, and a poet and playwright of some renown. He is best known by his pen name, "KR".
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[edit] Early life
The fourth child of the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia and his wife Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg, KR was born in the Constantine Palace, Strelna. His eldest sister Grand Duchess Olga married King George I of the Hellenes in 1867.
From his early childhood KR was more interested in letters, art, and music than in the military upbringing required for Romanov boys. Nevertheless, the Grand Duke was sent to serve in the Imperial Russian Navy. KR was unsatisfied, and left the navy to join the elite Izmailovsky Regiment of the Imperial Guard, where he served with distinction. He would struggle throughout his life to reconcile his homosexuality with his Orthodox beliefs, and with the social restrictions of a less tolerant age.
[edit] Marriage and family
His sexuality notwithstanding, KR believed in putting his duty to the Imperial Family first. He married in 1884 in Saint Petersburg Princess Elisabeth of Saxe-Altenburg, his second cousin. Upon her marriage, Elisabeth became the Grand Duchess Elizaveta Mavrikievna. She was known within the family as "Mavra."
The couple would have a total of nine children:
- Prince Ioann (1886 - 1918)
- Prince Gavriil (1887 - 1955)
- Princess Tatiana (1890 - 1970)
- Prince Konstantine (1891 - 1918)
- Prince Oleg (1892 - 1914)
- Prince Igor (1894 - 1918)
- Prince Georgi (1903 - 1938)
- Princess Natalia (died at exactly two months, 1905)
- Princess Vera (1906 - 2001)
Prince Ioann married Princess Elena Petrovna of Serbia (daughter of King Peter of Serbia) in 1911. Princess Tatiana married Prince Konstantin Bagration-Muhransky, a prince of Georgia, that same year. Both marriages were celebrated with the full approval of the Tsar (as distinct from the numerous morganatic marriages contracted by other Romanovs).
KR's children were the first to fall under the new Family Law promulgated by Emperor Alexander III. It stated that henceforth, only the children and male-line grandchildren of a Tsar would be styled Grand Duke or Grand Duchess with the style of Imperial Highness -- great-grandchildren and their descendants would be styled either "Prince of Russia" or "Princess of Russia" with the style of Highness. The revised Family Law was intended to cut down on the number of persons entitled to salaries from the Imperial treasury.
KR was, by all accounts, devoted to his wife and children, and a loving father. He and his brood made their home at Pavlovsk, a suburban palace of St. Petersburg, and a favorite residence of KR's great-grandfather, the Emperor Paul I.
[edit] Public life
KR was both a patron of Russian art and an artist in his own right. A talented pianist, the Grand Duke was Chairman of the Russian Musical Society, and counted Tchaikovsky among his closest friends. But KR was first and foremost a man of letters. He founded several Russian literary societies. He translated foreign works (including Schiller and Goethe) into Russian, and was particularly proud of his Russian translation of Hamlet. An accomplished poet and playwright, KR also took great interest in the direction of his plays. The Grand Duke actually appeared in his last play, "King of Judea," playing the role of Joseph of Arimathea.
The Grand Duke's artistic Slavophilism and devotion to duty endeared him to both Alexander III and Nicholas II. The former appointed KR as President of the Academy of Sciences, and later as Chief of All Military Colleges. KR and his wife were among the relatively few Romanovs on intimate terms with Nicholas II and the Empress Alexandra, who found KR's devotion to his family a welcome respite from the playboy lifestyle of many of the other Grand Dukes.
[edit] Secret life
As exemplary and dedicated (and even conservative) as KR's public life was, his private turmoil was intense. Had it not been for the publication of KR's strikingly candid diaries long after his death, the world would have never known that this most prolific of Grand Dukes, the father of nine children, had strong homosexual tendencies.
As mentioned, KR's first homosexual experiences occurred in the Imperial Guards. The Grand Duke made great efforts to repress his feelings. But despite his love for his wife, KR could not resist the temptations offered to a person of his exalted state. KR claimed in his diary that between 1893 and 1899 he remained away from the practice of what he called his "main sin." Yet by the birth of his seventh child, KR had become a steady visitor to several of the male brothels of St. Petersburg. In 1904 he wrote in his diary that he "ordered my coachman...to go, and continued on foot past the bath-house. I intended to walk straight on... But without reaching the Pevchesky bridge, I turned back and went in. And so I have surrendered again, without much struggle, to my depraved inclinations." The cycle of resistance and capitulation to temptation is a common theme of KR's diaries.
By the end of 1904, KR became somewhat attached to an attractive young man by the name of Yatsko. "I sent for Yatsko and he came this morning. I easily persuaded him to be candid. It was strange for me to hear him describe the familiar characteristics: he has never felt drawn to a woman, and has been infatuated with men several times. I did not confess to him that I knew these feelings from my own personal experience. Yatsko and I talked for a long time. Before leaving he kissed my face and hands; I should not have allowed this, and should have pushed him away, however I was punished afterwards by vague feelings of shame and remorse. He told me that, ever since the first time we met, his soul has been filled with rapturous feelings towards me, which grow all the time. How this reminds me of my own youth." A few days later, KR and Yatsko met again, and a relationship developed between the two.
In KR's final years, he wrote of his homosexual urges less and less, whether from having reached some arrangement with his conscience, or from the natural advance of age and ill health.
[edit] War years and death
The outbreak of World War I found KR and his wife in Germany, where they were taking the cure in Wildungen. Caught in enemy territory, the couple attempted a quick return to Russia. Their plans were disrupted by German authorities, who claimed the Grand Duke and his wife were political prisoners. Grand Duchess Elizaveta sent a message to the German Imperial couple asking for their help. Eventually KR and his entourage were allowed to depart Germany and transported to the first Russian station. The weakened KR had to proceed by foot across the front lines. By the time K.R. and Elizaveta arrived in St. Petersburg, now renamed Petrograd, the Grand Duke was in a dismal state of health.
The first year of the war took a cruel toll on his immediate family. Five of his six sons served in the Russian Army, and in October of 1914, his fourth and most brilliant son, Prince Oleg, was mortally wounded fighting against the Germans. The following March, his son-in-law Prince Bagration-Muhransky was killed on the Caucasus front. KR's health and spirit were broken by these blows, and he died on June 15, 1915. His death spared him from the horrendous suffering visited upon his family during the subsequent Russian Revolution.
[edit] Fate of KR's family
The Princes Ioann, Gavriil, Konstantin, and Igor were all arrested after the Bolshevik seizure of power in October of 1917. Prince Gavriil was kept in Petrograd, but the other three princes were deported to Alapaevsk, a small town in the Urals. There they were imprisoned for some months, together with the Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna (sister of the Empress Alexandra), the Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich (a cousin of KR), and Prince Vladimir Paley (the son of Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, another Romanov cousin). On the night of July 17-18, 1918 (24 hours after the murder of Nicholas II and his immediate family in Ekaterinburg), the Alapaevsk prisoners were slaughtered by their Bolshevik captors. Their bodies were recovered from an abandoned mine shaft by the White Army, and eventually reburied in the Church of the Martyrs near Beijing, China.
Prince Gavriil was eventually released from prison through the intercession of Maxim Gorki, who had tried (unsuccessfully) to save several other Romanovs from execution. Gavriil and his wife (whom he had married after the Revolution) emigrated and settled in Paris, where Gavriil died in 1955.
The widowed Priness Tatiana fled to Romania and later to Switzerland with her children. She eventually became a nun, and died in Jerusalem in 1970, where she had been Abbess of the Orthodox Convent of the Mount of Olives.
KR's wife and two youngest children, Prince George and Princess Vera, remained at Pavlovsk throughout the war, the chaotic rule of the Provisional Government, and after the October Revolution. In the fall of 1918, they were permitted by the Bolsheviks to be taken by ship to Sweden (on the Ångermanland, via Tallinn to Helsinki and via Mariehamnina to Stockholm), at the invitation of the Swedish queen.
At Stockholm harbor they met prince Gustaf Adolf who took them to the royal palace. Elizaveta Mavrikievna and Vera and Georgi lived for the next two years in Sweden, first in Stockholm then in Saltsjöbaden; but Sweden was too expensive for them so they moved first to Belgium by invitation of Albert I of Belgium, and then to Germany, settling in Altenburg where they lived 30 years, except for a couple of years in England. Elizaveta died of cancer on the 24th of March 1927 in Leipzig. Prince Georgi died in New York City in 1938. Princess Vera lived at Germany until Soviet forces occupied the east part of the counrty, she fled to Hamburg and in 1951 she moved to United States and died there in 2001, in New York City.
As of 2005, KR has at least eleven living descendants: his granddaughter Princess Ekaterina (the daughter of Prince Ioann), her three children, and her seven grandchildren.
