Government performance auditing
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Government performance auditing was developed in the late 1960s and shepherded by the United States Government Accountability Office, (the chief audit arm of the US federal government). Government performance auditing has since spread to most state governments and many closely managed local governments.
Some progressively managed local governments have also begun to employ continuous municipal performance audits, e.g. Baltimore CitiStat, consisting of weekly accountability sessions where senior politicians question staff closely on performance questions.
In Canada the Auditor General of Canada has strongly advocated a similar approach to improve government at all levels. This complements other efforts in that country such as the FCM InfraGuide for best practice exchange of all routine municipal infrastructure management problems.