Golden-winged Warbler

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Golden-winged Warbler
Male and Female
Conservation status
Near Threatened
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Parulidae Genus: Vermivora Species: V. chrysoptera
Binomial name
Vermivora chrysoptera (Linnaeus, 1766)

The Golden-winged Warbler, Vermivora chrysoptera, is a New World warbler, 11.6 cm long and weighing 8.5 g. It breeds in eastern North America in southeastern Canada and the eastern USA. Its range is extending northwards, but in the south it is being replaced by the very closely related Blue-winged Warbler, Vermivora pinus.

Contents 1 Life history 2 References 3 External Links 4 Further reading 4.1 Book 4.2 Thesis 4.3 Articles

[edit] Life history

It is migratory, wintering in southern Central America. This is a very rare vagrant to western Europe, with a single record of a bird wintering in a supermarket car park in Maidstone, Kent in 1989.

The breeding male Golden-winged Warbler is unmistakable. It is gray above and whitish below. The crown and wing patches are yellow and the eye mask and throat are black, separated by white. Females are duller, with the black of the face pattern replaced by gray.

The breeding habitat is open scrubby areas. Golden-winged Warblers nest on the ground or low in a bush, laying 4-5 eggs in a cup nest.

These birds feed on insects, and spiders.

The song is a trilled bzzzz buzz buzz buzz. The call is a sharp chip.

This species forms two distinctive hybrids with Blue-winged Warbler where their ranges overlap in the Great Lakes and New England area. The commoner, genetically dominant Brewster's Warbler is gray above and whitish (male) or yellow (female) below. It has a black eyestripe and two white wingbars.

The rarer recessive Lawrence's Warbler has a male plumage which is green and yellow above and yellow below, with white wing bars and the same face pattern as male Golden-winged. The female is gray above and whitish below with two yellow wing bars and the same face pattern as female Golden-winged.

[edit] References

• BirdLife International (2004). Vermivora chrysoptera. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is near threatened

• New World Warblers by Curson, Quinn and Beadle, ISBN 0-7136-3932-6

[edit] External Links

• Golden-winged Warbler - Vermivora chrysoptera - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
• Golden-winged Warbler Species Account - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
• Golden-winged Warbler Information - South Dakota Birds and Birding

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Book

• Confer, John L. 1992. Golden-winged Warbler. In The Birds of North America, No. 20 (A. Poole, P. Stettenheim, and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, DC: The American Ornithologists’ Union.

[edit] Thesis

• Demmons TD. M.Sc. (2000). Nest site selection and nest predation patterns at forest-field edges. Queen's University at Kingston (Canada), Canada.

• Hamel PB. Ph.D. (1981). A HIERARCHICAL APPROACH TO AVIAN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE. Clemson University, United States -- South Carolina.

• Highsmith RT. Ph.D. (1989). Function, form, and recognition of the songs of golden-winged warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) and blue-winged (V. pinus) warblers. University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States -- Massachusetts.

• Will TC. Ph.D. (1986). THE BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY OF SPECIES REPLACEMENT: BLUE-WINGED AND GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLERS IN MICHIGAN. University of Michigan, United States -- Michigan.

[edit] Articles

• Andre JB. (1979). The Golden-Winged Warbler Vermivora-Chrysoptera In Coastal Carolina Usa A Recent Record And Comments On Its Fall Migration. Chat. vol 43, no 3.

• Bannon P. (1986). Brewster's Warbler Vermivora-Chrysoptera X Vermivora-Pinus Backcross Breeding In Huntingdon County Quebec Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 100, no 1. p. 118-119.

• Boal CW, Sibley FC, Estabrook TS & Lazell J. (2006). Insular and migrant species, longevity records, and new species records on Guana Island, British Virgin Islands. Wilson Journal of Ornithology. vol 118, no 2. p. 218-224.

• Carpentier AG. (1983). Presumed Breeding Record Of Brewsters X Brewsters Warbler Vermivora-Chrysoptera-X-Vermivora-Pinus In Ontario Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol 97, no 4. p. 458-459.

• Confer JL. (1992). Vermivora chrysoptera: Golden-winged warbler. Birds of North America. vol 0, no 20. p. 1-15.

• Confer JL. (2006). Secondary contact and introgression of golden-winged warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera): Documenting the mechanism. Auk. vol 123, no 4. p. 958-961.

• Confer JL & Knapp K. (1981). Golden-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Chrysoptera And Blue-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Pinus The Relative Success Of A Habitat Specialist And A Generalist. Auk. vol 98, no 1. p. 108-114.

• Confer JL, Larkin JL & Allen PE. (2003). Effects of vegetation, interspecific competition, and brood parasitism on Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera) nesting success. Auk. vol 120, no 1. p. 138-144.

• Confer JL & Tupper SK. (2000). A reassessment of the status of Golden-winged and Blue-winged Warblers in the Hudson Highlands of southern New York. Wilson Bulletin. vol 112, no 4. p. 544-546.

• Dabrowski A, Fraser R, Confer JL & Lovette IJ. (2005). Geographic variability in mitochondrial introgression among hybridizing populations of Golden-winged (Vermivora chrysoptera) and Blue-winged (V-pinus) Warblers. Conservation Genetics. vol 6, no 5. p. 843-853.

• Doherty P. (1992). Golden-winged warbler: New to the western Palearctic. British Birds. vol 85, no 11. p. 595-599.

• Ewert DN. (1981). The Occurrence Of Closely Related Species Pairs In Central Michigan Usa Willow Flycatchers Empidonax-Traillii And Alder Flycatchers Empidonax-Alnorum And Golden-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Chrysoptera And Blue-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Pinus. Jack Pine Warbler. vol 59, no 3. p. 95-98.

• Ferguson RS. (1981). Summer Birds Of The Northwest Angle Provincial Forest And Adjacent Southeastern Manitoba Canada. Syllogeus. vol 31, p. 1-23.

• Gill FB. (1980). Historical Aspects Of Hybridization Between Blue-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Pinus And Golden-Winged Warblers Vermivora-Chrysoptera. Auk. vol 97, no 1. p. 1-18.

• Gill FB. (1987). Allozymes And Genetic Similarity Of Blue-Winged And Golden-Winged Warblers. Auk. vol 104, no 3. p. 444-449.

• Gill FB. (1992). Golden-winged warbler Vermivora chrysoptera. Brauning, D. vol W, p. Atlas of breeding birds in Pennsylvania.

• Gill FB. (1997). Local cytonuclear extinction of the golden-winged warbler. Evolution. vol 51, no 2. p. 519-525.

• Gill FB. (2004) BLUE-WINGED WARBLERS (VERMIVORA PINUS) VERSUS GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLERS (V. CHRYSOPTERA). The Auk. Vol 121, no 4. p. 1014 (5 pages)

• Hamel P & Wright LM. (1979). Lawrences Warbler Vermivora-Chrysoptera-X-Vermivora-Pinus At Francis-Beidler Forest 1st Sight Record For South-Carolina Usa. Chat. vol 43, no 3. p. 66-67.

• Hanowski JM, Christian DP & Nelson MC. (1999). Response of breeding birds to shearing and burning in wetland brush ecosystems. Wetlands. vol 19, no 3. p. 584-593.

• Highsmith RT. (1989). The Singing Behavior Of Golden-Winged Warblers. Wilson Bulletin. vol 101, no 1. p. 36-50.

• Klaus NA. (2004). Status of the golden-winged warbler in North Georgia, and a nesting record of the Lawrence's Warbler. Oriole. vol 69, no 1-2. p. 1-7.

• Klaus NA & Buehler DA. (2001). Golden-winged Warbler breeding habitat characteristics and nest success in clearcuts in the southern appalachian mountains. Wilson Bulletin. vol 113, no 3. p. 297-301.

• Koonce AE. (2005). The role of juvenile dispersal in the replacement of golden-winged warblers by blue-winged warblers. Natural Resource Modeling. vol 18, no 4. p. 537-547.

• Lacki MJ. (2000). Surveys of bird communities on Little Black and Black mountains: Implications for long-term conservation of Montane birds in Kentucky. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. vol 61, no 1. p. 50-59.

• Leichty ER & Grier JW. (2006). Importance of facial pattern to sexual selection in golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera). Auk. vol 123, no 4. p. 962-966.

• Rayner WJ. (1988). Male Golden-Winged Warbler Attends Blue-Winged Warbler Nest. Ontario Birds. vol 6, no 3. p. 106-107.

• Rich T. (1981). The Golden-Winged Warbler Vermivora-Chrysoptera New-Record In Idaho Usa. Western Birds. vol 12, no 1.

• Rossell CR, Jr. (2001). Song perch characteristics of Golden-winged Warblers in a mountain wetland. Wilson Bulletin. vol 113, no 2. p. 246-248.

• Rossell CR, Jr., Patch SC & Wilds SP. (2003). Attributes of golden-winged warbler territories in a mountain wetland. Wildlife Society Bulletin. vol 31, no 4. p. 1099-1104.

• Roth AM & Lutz S. (2004). Relationship between territorial male Golden-winged Warblers in managed aspen stands in northern Wisconsin, USA. Forest Science. vol 50, no 2. p. 153-161.

• Shadick S. (1986). Golden-Winged Warbler At Duck Mountain Saskatchewan Canada. Blue Jay. vol 44, no 4. p. 245-246.

• Shapiro LH, Canterbury RA, Stover DM & Fleischer RC. (2004). Reciprocal introgression between Golden-Winged Warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) and Blue-Winged Warblers (V. pinus) in eastern North America. Auk. vol 121, no 4. p. 1019-1030.

• Stenzler LM, Fraser R & Lovette IJ. (2004). Isolation and characterization of 12 microsatellite loci from Golden-winged Warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) with broad cross-taxon utility in emberizine songbirds. Molecular Ecology Notes. vol 4, no 4. p. 602-604.