GloFish
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The GloFish is a trademarked brand of genetically modified (GM) fluorescent zebrafish with bright red, green, and orange fluorescent color. Although not originally developed for the ornamental fish trade, it is the first genetically modified animal to become publicly available as a pet.
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[edit] History
[edit] Early development
The original zebrafish (zebra danio) from which the GloFish was developed is a native of rivers in India and Bangladesh. It measures four centimetres long and has gold and dark blue stripes, and over 200 million have been sold in the last 50 years in the United States ornamental fish market. Despite the number of zebrafish sold, they have never established any reproducing populations in the United States, primarily because they are tropical fish, unable to survive in the U.S. climate.
In 1999, Dr. Zhiyuan Gong and his colleagues at the National University of Singapore took a gene from a jellyfish that naturally produced a green fluorescent protein and inserted it into the zebrafish genome. This caused the fish to glow brightly under both natural white light and ultraviolet light. Their goal was to develop a fish that could detect pollution by selectively fluorescing in the presence of environmental toxins. The development of the always fluorescing fish was the first step in this process. Shortly thereafter, his team developed a line of red fluorescent zebra fish by adding a gene from a sea coral, and yellow fluorescent zebra fish, by adding a variant of the jellyfish gene. Later, a team of Taiwanese researchers at the National University of Taiwan, headed by Professor Huai-Jen Tsai, succeeded in creating a medaka (rice fish) with a fluorescent green color.
The scientists from NUS and businessmen (Alan Blake & Richard Crockett) from Yorktown Technologies, a company in Austin, Texas met and a deal was signed whereby Yorktown obtained the worldwide rights to market the GloFish. At around the same time, a separate deal was made between Taikong, the largest aquarium fish producer in Taiwan, and the Taiwanese researchers to market the green medaka in Taiwan under the name TK-1. In spring of 2003, Taiwan became the first to authorize sales of a genetically modified organism as a pet. One hundred thousand fish were reported sold in less than a month at US$18.60 apiece.
[edit] Introduction to the U.S. market
The GloFish was introduced to the United States market in December, 2003 by Yorktown Technologies of Austin, Texas, after more than two years of extensive environmental research and consultation with various Federal and State agencies, as well as leading experts in the field of risk assessment. The definitive environmental risk assessment was made by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which has jurisdiction over all genetically modified animals, including fluorescent zebra fish, since they consider the inserted gene to be a drug. Their official statement, made on the 9th of December 2003, was as follows:
"Because tropical aquarium fish are not used for food purposes, they pose no threat to the food supply. There is no evidence that these genetically engineered zebra danio fish pose any more threat to the environment than their unmodified counterparts which have long been widely sold in the United States. In the absence of a clear risk to the public health, the FDA finds no reason to regulate these particular fish." [1]
Similar findings were reached by the State of California Department of Fish and Game and State of Florida Transgenic Aquatic Task Force. Despite these findings, the marketing of the fish was met by protests from a non-governmental organization called the Center for Food Safety.
Although they did not provide any scientific evidence that contradicted the FDA's position, they were concerned that the marketing of the GloFish would lead to the introduction of other biotech animals. To prevent this, the group, along with one of their sister organizations, filed a lawsuit in US Federal District Court to block the sale of the GloFish. The lawsuit sought a court order stating that the transgenic fish are subject to Federal regulation and could not be sold further without proper approvals. In the opinion of Joseph Mendelson, the Center for Food Safety's legal director:
It's clear this sets a precedent for genetically engineered animals. It opens the dams to a whole host of nonfood genetically engineered organisms. That's unacceptable to us and runs counter to things the National Academy of Sciences and other scientific review boards have said, particularly when it comes to mobile GM organisms like fish and insects. [2]
The Center for Food Safety's concerns, however, were found to be entirely without merit, and the suit was dismissed on March 30, 2005. This dismissal underscored the essentially universal agreement with the FDA's findings. Further evidence that the Center for Food Safety’s claims were completely unfounded is that, as of January 2007, no other biotech animals have been approved for marketing within the United States.
[edit] Recent Developments
GloFish have continued to be successfully marketed throughout the United States. After more than three years of availability, there are no reports of any ecological concerns associated with their sale.
In addition to the red fluorescent zebrafish, trademarked as "Starfire Red", Yorktown Technologies released a green fluorescent zebrafish and an orange fluorescent zebrafish in mid-2006. The new lines of fish are trademarked as "Electric Green" and "Sunburst Orange", and incorporate genes from sea coral.[3] Despite the speculation of aquarium enthusiasts, it has been found GloFish are indeed fertile and will reproduce in a captive environment. However, the sale of any such offspring is restricted by US Patent number 7,135,613.
As of January 2007, sale or possession of GloFish is illegal in California due to a regulation that restricts all genetically modified fish. The regulation was implemented before the marketing of GloFish, largely due to concern about a fast-growing biotech Salmon. Although the Fish and Game Commission declined to grant an exception (solely on ethical grounds) in December 2003, it later reversed course and decided to move forward with the process of exempting GloFish from the regulation. However, due to the State’s interpretation of the California Environmental Quality Act, Yorktown Technologies was informed by State attorneys that it would first need to complete an extremely expensive study, which could cost hundreds of thousands of dollars and take years to complete. According to the company’s web site, they have thus far declined to undertake this study. [4]
As of January 2007, Canada also prohibits import or sale of the fish, due to what they report is a lack of sufficient information to make a decision with regard to safety. Despite the relatively extreme cold of the Canadian climate for a tropical fish, it has been hypothesized that the fish could theoretically survive in certain warm springs. However, in light of the fact that there are no known populations of wild-type zebra danios, this eventuality is seen as extremely unlikely by those familiar with the species. In any event, the media reports that enforcement is spotty.
The import, sale and possession of these fish is not permitted within the European Union. On November 9, 2006, however, the Netherland's Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (VROM) found 1,400 fluorescent fish, which were sold in various aquarium shops.[5] In February and March 2007 GloFish were found on a fish fair and in a fish shop in Kiel, Germany. Authorities are now investigating the trading routes of the contraband. They believe the fish were smuggeld in from Poland and came originally from Asia. In Germany one can be sentenced to jail for up to five years and a fine of up to €50.000,00 for possessing or trading GloFish. [6]
[edit] References
- "Troubled waters: fluorescent fish spark GM row" by A. Gumbel, May 4th, The Independent, London, England
- "Frankenfish and the future", by F. Mazyoer, January 2004, Le Monde diplomatique
- "Leuchtfische aus dem Genlabor", by M. Robischon, August 2006 Natürlich 8: 6 - 13
