Giulio Campagnola

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Giulio Campagnola (born Padua c. 1482, died c. 1515, probably in Venice) was an Italian engraver and painter, whose few, rare prints interpreted the rich Venetian renaissance style of Giorgione and the early Titian into engraving, and who also invented the stipple technique in engraving.

Contents

[edit] Life

His early years are better documented than his adult life. He was born in Padua, then under Venetian rule, and home to the major university in Venetian territory. His father Girolamo’s occupation is unknown, but letters by him in very good humanist Latin survive. According to Vasari seventy years later, his father was an artist, perhaps as an amateur, but this mention is the only evidence for that.

A number of sources, including Vasari, say that Giulio was extremely accomplished in a number of artistic areas as a teenager. A letter written by a relative when he was fifteen describes him as a talented poet, singer and lutenist, able to read Latin, Greek and Hebrew, and skilled in painting, engraving and cutting gemstones. This was sent to the court at Mantua (where Andrea Mantegna was then the court artist) in an attempt to find him a position there.

It is not clear if he ever went to Mantua, although (like nearly all contemporary Italian printmakers) his work shows the influence of Mantegna. One engraving is certainly based (perhaps not directly, as there was another print of it) on a drawing by Mantegna or his workshop.[1]

In 1499 he appears (rather briefly) in the accounts of the court at Ferrara, another centre of North Italian printmaking. There is then no documentation until 1507, when another Paduan recorded lending him a painting and three copper engraving plates. This was in Venice, where most writers assume he was living by then. His engraving of an Astrologer is dated 1509 on the plate, and the only later record comes from the will of Aldus Manutius in 1515, when Manutius asks that he be given the work of cutting the moulds for, or perhaps designing, some printing type.

After this there is no further record, but an engraving plate that he had left half-finished was completed by his adopted son ca. 1517, so he is assumed to have died by then at the latest. He had adopted Domenico Campagnola, apparently an orphan (German according to one source) in about 1512. Another source claimed that he took holy orders, but this is now discounted.

[edit] Professional or dilettante?

Most writers see Campagnola as a professional artist, who received some sort of training in Mantua, Ferrara or Venice. Vasari describes him as a painter, and the Venetian connoisseur Michele mentions cabinet paintings that were ascribed to him in Venetian collections in about 1530, but no paintings are generally attributed to him, although he is often brought into arguments about the many "Giorgionesque" paintings without an agreed attribution.

There are drawings related to his prints, and in a similar style to them, but only a handful of these are generally agreed to be by him, with Titian, Giorgione and in one case Mantegna also being brought into contention.[2][3] It is still possible to see Campagnola, as the late WR Rearick did, as a "dilettante" who probably mostly lived in Padua, probably with another career altogether. This, however, remains a minority view.

Most of his prints have no surviving preparatory drawings, and in general the question of whether Campagnola designed them himself, or got other artists to provide him with drawings which he then engraved is still open, although most historians see him as an independent artist responsible for conceiving as well as executing most of his prints, rather than a precursor of Marcantonio Raimondi or Domenico Campagnola in acting as a technical collaborator with a greater artist who supplied the designs.

[edit] Work

The dating of his work is based very largely on the stylistic arrangement of his work around the Astrologer, dated 1509, and his presumed death around 1515. Whilst the chronological sequence of his engravings set out by AM Hind has been generally accepted, the dating of them remains a subject for discussion.

His early work is heavily influenced by Albrecht Dürer, and includes one direct copy of a Durer engraving, and a few where landscape elements are copied in a 'cut and paste' way from Durer.[4][5]

The next group of engravings, which include the Astrologer, very successfully interpret the mood of Venetian painting of the first decade of the century in engraving. It is this group that he is most famous for, and that also introduce his stipple technique. Stippling means engraving with dots or little flicks of the burin , rather than the normal lines. Campagnola is able to convey varying tone by different intensities of dots, rather than techniques of hatching and cross-hatching usually necessary.[6]

These engravings are in a combination of line and stipple work, and in the case of three of them (The Old Shepherd,[5] The Young Shepherd[7] and The Astrologer[5]), there are first states which are purely in line-work. The plates were later reworked in stipple work, in at least one case after a considerable number of impressions of the first state had been taken.

The final group of prints are almost entirely in stipple, except for the main outlines.[8][5]

There are also some disputed prints.[9]

[edit] References

Inline - to images of works
  1. ^ Campagnola: Saint John the Baptist, National Gallery of Art.
  2. ^ Giulio Campagnola or Possibly Giorgione: Jupiter and Ganymede above an Extensive Landscape, National Gallery of Art.
  3. ^ Giulio Campagnola: Landscape with Two Men Sitting near a Coppice, Louvre.
  4. ^ Campagnola: the Rape of Ganymede, Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  5. ^ a b c d Campagnola. Giornale Nuovo of things near & far (July 15, 2004). Retrieved on 2006-11-23.
  6. ^ Giolio Campagnola: Saint John the Baptist, Worcester Art Museum, Massachusetts.
  7. ^ Giulio Campagnola: The Young Shepherd, Bodkin Prints.
  8. ^ Giulio Campagnola: Baby and Three Cats, Bodkin Prints.
  9. ^ Giulio Campagnola: Leda and the Swan, Bodkin Prints.
General
  • David Landau in Jane Martineau (ed), The Genius of Venice, 1500-1600, 1983, Royal Academy of Arts, London.
  • Mark J Zucker in KL Spangeberg (ed), Six Centuries of Master Prints, Cincinnati Art Museum, 1993, nos 39 & 40, ISBN 0-931537-15-0
  • WR Rearick in John Dixon Hunt (ed),The Pastoral Landscape, 1992, National Gallery of Art, Washington, Studies in the History of Art 36,ISBN 0-89468-181-8

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

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