Gheorghe Cristescu

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Gheorghe Cristescu
Gheorghe Cristescu

Gheorghe Cristescu (October 10, 1882—November 29, 1973) was a Romanian socialist and, for a part of his life, communist militant. Nicknamed Plăpumarul - "The Blanket Maker", he is also occasionally referred to as Omul cu lavaliera roşie ("The man with the red four-in-hand necktie"), after the most notable of his accessories.

Contents

[edit] Biography

[edit] Early activism

Born in Copaci, Giurgiu County, Cristescu was the owner of a blanket-making shop.[1] Active in socialist circles as early as 1898, he soon became a leading member of the Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party (up to 1899, when the Party disbanded).[2] In 1900, he joined the leadership of the only surviving group of the Party, its Bucharest socialist circle (România Muncitoare - "Labourer Romania"). Up until the creation of a Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSDR) on January 31, 1910, Cristescu was one of the leaders of the short-lived Socialist Union of Romania. From 1910 to 1916, he was one of the PSDR's leaders;[3] in 1908-1920, he was active in the trade union movement.

In 1916, the Party was banned for its activities in support of the Zimmerwald Conference at a time when Romania entered World War I on the Entente side.[4] After the Central Powers offensive (see Romanian Campaign), he remained active in enemy-occupied Bucharest, and kept contacts with Social Democratic Party of Germany with the help of German soldiers who sympathized with the latter.[5] In 1918, when Romanian authorities resumed control, Cristescu and many other leaders of the PSDR (Ecaterina Arbore, Constantin Popovici, Ilie Moscovici, and Constantin Titel Petrescu among them) were arrested on charges of collaboration.[6]

The PSDR re-emerged in November 1918, as the Socialist Party of Romania, with Cristescu becoming one of its representatives in Parliament after the elections of 1919. In this capacity, he became noted in debates over the imprisonment of Mihai Gheorghiu Bujor, a Romanian citizen who had joined the Russian Red Army in Bessarabia during the October Revolution, and who had been tried for treason.[7] Constantin Argetoianu, who negotiated a failed merger of the Socialist Party into the People's League in late 1919, stated that Moscovici voiced criticism of his party's far left wing, where, as Argetoianu formulated it, "the blanket-maker Cristescu and others were agitating".[8]

In the early elections of 1920, Cristescu, together with Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea and Boris Stefanov, was not validated into Parliament, despite having carried the popular vote.[9]

[edit] Communism

Although he had originally voted against Vladimir Lenin's thesis as a delegate of the socialists to the Comintern World Congresses in Moscow (with Eugen Rozvan, Constantin Popovici, Ioan Flueraş, David Fabian, and Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea),[10] and despite Rozvan's suspicions that he had maintained a "minimalist position",[11] he became more and more radical, supporting the transformation of the Party along Bolshevik lines, but showed himself opposed to control from Russia.[12] In deliberations for the 1920 vote, he expressed his opposition to Comintern control over local parties,[13] and subsequently met with Lenin - Cristescu later claimed that the Russian leader had accepted his dissent and had offered some "non-political" concessions to the Romanian socialists (the claim was partly backed by a testimony of Dobrogeanu-Gherea).[14] During the Congress, both Cristescu and Dobrogeanu-Gherea were ridiculed at home by the non-communist press (their bourgeois status, in contrast to their activism, was highlighted in the nicknames "Cristescu-Blanket Maker" and "Dobrogeanu-Restaurant", the latter of which alluded to the business Dobrogeanu-Gherea was managing in Ploieşti).[15]

Cristescu led the faction that separated itself after the Party's Congress of May 8-12 1921, and was elected as the first general secretary of the newly formed Socialist-Communist Party (soon to be the Romanian Communist Party). Those maximalists who had designated themselves as "communists" (including Gheorghe Cristescu) were arrested and indicted in the Dealul Spirii Trial: Romanian authorities attempted to connect them with Max Goldstein, a terrorist of uncertain affiliation who had detonated a bomb inside the Romanian Senate on December 8, 1920.[16] The charge against the communists was based on their rejection of Greater Romania as a concept, and their commitment to "World revolution" and the Comintern, which raised suspicion that they were trying to overthrow the existing order through actions such as that of Goldstein.[17] Constantin Argetoianu, Interior Minister in the second Alexandru Averescu cabinet and main instigator of the arrest, later admitted that his order lacked legal grounds, and stated that he had given Cristescu approval to hold congress with the knowledge that Comintern policies were to be submitted to a vote, thus causing the faction to incriminate itself.[18]

Most of the accused were acquitted, an important reason for this being Cristescu's convincing testimony (alongside a hunger strike endured by most on the bench, as well as the absence of sufficient evidence).[19] Cristescu depicted Goldstein as an anarchist, and declared most of the witnesses who had connected the terrorist with the Party to be spies for the Siguranţa Statului secret police.[20]

[edit] Dissidence

Cristescu started questioning his Party's policies after the decision taken by the Balkan Communist Federation during its 1923 Vienna Conference. The Federation had adopted the official Soviet policy recommending that Bessarabia, Bukovina, Transylvania and Southern Dobruja (or all of Dobruja) be given the right to secede from Romania. Due to the ethnic composition of these regions, he could not accept that minorities be given self-determination (especially since this implied not autonomy or independence, but rather satisfaction of territorial demands that other nations had on Romania).[21] Cristescu notably clashed with his nominal subordinate Marcel Pauker over such issues,[22] and did all in his power to prevent the Party from adopting a clear point of view: when his attitude was investigated by the Balkan Communist Federation (1924), he had to resign his position, being excluded from the Party in 1926.[23] According to Vladimir Tismăneanu, Cristescu's marginalization inside the Workers and Peasants' Bloc (created as an umbrella group for the outlawed Communist faction) was a major factor in his conflict with other activists.[24]

After he tried to recreate the original Socialist Party, Cristescu joined the minor and Unitary Socialist Party in 1932; a Marxist group led by Leon Ghelerter, Ştefan Voitec, and Constantin Popovici, it dissolved itself under pressure from the Communist Party in 1944.[25]

[edit] 1930s, persecution, and rehabilitation

His daughter Tita Cristescu, a former Miss Romania who had become the mistress of Liviu Ciulei (a famous lawyer and father of the director Liviu Ciulei), died in mysterious circumstances in 1936[26] — most likely, she was murdered; Ciulei, arrested on charges that he had poisoned her, was acquitted later in the same year.[27] A theory in circulation indicates Maria Suciu, Tita's maid, as the killer.[28]

During the first years of Communist Romania, he was severely persecuted for his political views, being arrested and imprisoned in the Danube-Black Sea Canal labour camps from 1950 to 1954.[29] Released through the first amnesty of political prisoners (occurring very soon after Joseph Stalin's death), Cristescu spent his remaining years in anonymity.[30] While his name was cleared by Nicolae Ceauşescu's rehabilitation policies, his uncomfortable opinions were censored and he was subject to Securitate surveillance until the day he died.[31]

Preceded by
none		 General secretary

of the Romanian Communist Party
1921–1924

 Succeeded by
Elek Köblös

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Constantin Argetoianu, in Tandin; Cioroianu, p.24, 40
  2. ^ 110 ani de social-democraţie, p.12; Cioroianu, p.40-41
  3. ^ 110 ani de social-democraţie, p.14
  4. ^ 110 ani de social-democraţie, p.15
  5. ^ 110 ani de social-democraţie, p.15
  6. ^ 110 ani de social-democraţie, p.15
  7. ^ Constantinescu, p.40-41
  8. ^ Argetoianu, "Memorii" (Magazin Istoric), p.75
  9. ^ Ţiu
  10. ^ Diac, "La «kilometrul 0»...", "Delegaţii socialişti..."
  11. ^ Cioroianu, p.24
  12. ^ Diac, "Delegaţii socialişti..."
  13. ^ Cristescu, in Dosarele Istoriei; Diac, "Delegaţii socialişti..."; Tismăneanu, p.45-47
  14. ^ Cristescu, in Dosarele Istoriei; Dobrogeanu-Gherea, in Frunză, p.22-23
  15. ^ Diac, "Delegaţii socialişti..."
  16. ^ Cioroianu, p.29; Tănase; Tismăneanu, p.49-50
  17. ^ Cioroianu, p.29; Tănase
  18. ^ Argetoianu, in Diac, "La «kilometrul 0»..."
  19. ^ Cioroianu, p.29; Tănase
  20. ^ Tănase
  21. ^ Frunză, p.37-38
  22. ^ Cioroianu, p.34; Tismăneanu, p.56-57
  23. ^ Frunză, p.50; Tismăneanu, p.56-57
  24. ^ Tismăneanu, p.67
  25. ^ Cioroianu, p.25; Frunză, p.147, 203-204, 214; Tismăneanu, p.59
  26. ^ Cioroianu, p.25; Tandin
  27. ^ Tandin
  28. ^ Tandin
  29. ^ 110 ani de social-democraţie, p.25; Frunză, p.391-392
  30. ^ Cioroianu, p.25
  31. ^ Cioroianu, p.25; Frunză, p.488

[edit] References

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