George W. Keller

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George W. Keller (December 15, 1842–1935), was an American architect and engineer. He enjoyed a diverse and successful career, and was sought for his designs of bridges, houses, monuments, and various commercial and public buildings. Keller's most famous projects, however, are the Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Memorial Arch in Hartford, Connecticut, and the James A. Garfield Memorial in Cleveland, Ohio.

Born in Cork, Ireland, Keller emigrated with his family to New York City as a child. Since Irish immigrants were, at the time, considered inferior, during his early years Keller endured a considerable measure of hardship and discrimination. Lacking connections and unable to obtain schooling in Europe like many of his professional peers, an ambitious nature and a “school of hard knocks” education gave Keller an adequate base of knowledge. As a young man, he accepted employment with an Irish architect in Washington D.C., but returned to New York to join the firm of architect Peter B. Wight, the beginning of a life-long friendship between the two. Keller’s association with Wight introduced him to the aesthetic philosophy of John Ruskin and to serious architectural study, which was cut short by the outbreak of the Civil War. Though Keller planned to join the Union Army, a dry inkwell prevented him from signing the enlistment papers. Choosing to see this as an ill omen, he gladly accepted an engineering position with the Brooklyn Navy Yard instead. Moving to Hartford at the war’s end, he took a job designing monuments.¹

The postwar building boom brought Keller to national prominence. Though he won design competitions for Civil War monuments in several cities, his Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Memorial Arch at the entrance to Bushnell Park in Hartford, Connecticut, boldly broke the conventional form that had become the accepted configuration: a cylindrical column, or shaft, surmounted by an allegorical female figure, usually Victory, with four sculpted figures surrounding the base. “Perhaps the first permanent triumphal arch in the United States,” Keller’s eclectic Romanesque construction was dedicated in 1886. The life-sized figures of the bas-relief frieze by Bohemian-born sculptor Caspar Buberl remain one of the arch's most striking features.²

To secure a plan for a memorial to President James A. Garfield following his assassination in 1881, the trustees of the Garfield National Memorial Committee, headed by ex-President Rutherford B. Hayes and Jeptha H. Wade, president of Cleveland's Lake View Cemetery, sponsored a design competition in the fall of 1883. Promising a prize of $1,000 and attracting both American and European entries, in judging the submissions the committee obtained the assistance of Boston architect Henry Van Brunt and English-born architect Calvert Vaux of New York City.³ Both Van Brunt and Vaux ultimately chose Keller's design, and he was awarded the commission on June 24, 1884. Excavation for the monument began on October 6, 1885, and it was dedicated on Memorial Day, May 30, 1890.⁴ Once again, Keller chose Caspar Buberl to execute the sculpture for his design.

[edit] Monuments by George W. Keller

Monument	Location	City and State	Contruction Begun	Cornerstone Laid	Dedicated	Sculptor
Soldiers National Monument	Gettysburg National Military Park	Gettysburg, Pennsylvania		July 3, 1865	July 1, 1869	Randolph Rogers
Civil War Monument	Merrimack Common	Manchester, New Hampshire		May 30, 1878	September 11, 1879	Caspar Buberl and others
Soldiers and Sailors Monument	Lafayette Square	Buffalo, New York		July 4, 1882	July 4, 1884	Caspar Buberl
Soldiers' and Sailors' Memorial Arch	Bushnell Park (Ford Street entrance)	Hartford, Connecticut	May 1884		November 7, 1886	Caspar Buberl and others
James A. Garfield Memorial	Lake View Cemetery	Cleveland, Ohio	October 6, 1885		May 30, 1890	Caspar Buberl
Soldiers and Sailors Monument	Oneida Square	Utica, New York			October 13, 1891	Karl Gerhardt
Major General John Sedgwick Memorial	Hautboy Hill Road	Cornwall, Connecticut			May 3, 1900	James J. Hawley

[edit] References

1. David F. Ransom, George Keller, Architect. Introduction by Barry Hannegan. (Hartford, CT: The Stowe-Day Foundation, 1978), 1, 4–6, 9.

2. Ibid., 5, 117, 129, 131.

3. Garfield National Memorial Association, The Man and the Mausoleum: Dedication of the Garfield Memorial Structure in Cleveland, Ohio May 30 1890. (Cleveland, OH: Garfield National Memorial Association, 1890. Reprint, Cleveland, OH: Garfield National Memorial Committee, 1924), 17–8.

4. Ransom, Keller, 135.