George H. W. Bush

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George Herbert Walker Bush
41st President of the United States
In office January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993
Vice President(s)	J. Danforth Quayle
Preceded by	Ronald Reagan
Succeeded by	William Jefferson Clinton
43rd Vice President of the United States
In office January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989
President	Ronald Reagan
Preceded by	Walter Mondale
Succeeded by	J. Danforth Quayle
Born	June 12, 1924 (age 82) Milton, Massachusetts, USA
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Barbara Bush
Religion	Episcopal
Signature

George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12, 1924) was the 41st President of the United States, serving from 1989 to 1993. Before his presidency, Bush was the 43rd Vice President of the United States in the administration of Ronald Reagan. He has also served as the member of the United States House of Representatives for the 7th district of Texas (1967–1971), the United States Ambassador to the United Nations (1971–1973), Chairman of the Republican National Committee (1973–1974), Chief of the United States Liaison Office in the People's Republic of China (1974–1976), and Director of Central Intelligence (1976–1977).

Bush is the son of Prescott Bush, who served in the United States Senate from 1953 to 1963. He is the father of George W. Bush, the 43rd and current President of the United States, and Jeb Bush, the 43rd Governor of Florida. As of 2007, he is the oldest living United States president.

Contents 1 Early years 2 World War II 3 Marriage, Yale, and Skull & Bones 4 Business ventures 5 Campaigns for Senate and Congress 6 1970s 7 1980 presidential campaign 8 Vice Presidency 9 1988 presidential campaign 10 Presidency 1989-1993 10.1 Policies 10.2 Manuel Noriega 10.3 Gulf War 10.4 Post-Soviet breakup 10.5 NAFTA 10.6 Pardons 10.7 Administration and Cabinet 10.8 Supreme Court appointments 11 1992 re-election campaign 12 Post-Presidency 12.1 Health 12.2 News and Events 13 Tributes 14 Trivia 15 Quotes 16 Notes 17 Further reading 18 See also 19 External links

Early years

George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts^[1] on June 12, 1924. Adams Street is named for the family of Presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams, who lived on the same street just a few miles south in the neighboring community of Quincy, Massachusetts. The Victorian house where he was born is privately owned and not open to the public. The Bush Family soon afterward moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut.

George began his formal education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Beginning in 1936, Bush attended Phillips Academy^[2] in Andover, Massachusetts, where he held a large number of leadership positions including being the president of the senior class and secretary of the student council, president of the community fund-raising group, the Society of Inquiry, a member of the editorial board of the school newspaper, the Philippian, captain of both the varsity baseball and soccer teams.^[3] It is said that he was a member of A.U.V., or "Auctoritas, Unitas, Veritas" (Latin for "Authority, Unity, Truth"), an exclusive fraternity.

World War II

After graduating from Phillips Academy in June 1942, he joined the U.S. Navy on his 18th birthday to become an aviator. After completing the 10-month course, he was commissioned as an ensign in the U.S. Naval Reserve at Corpus Christi, Texas on June 9, 1943, just three days before his 19th birthday, which made him the youngest naval aviator to that date.^[4]

After finishing flight training, he was assigned to Torpedo Squadron (VT-51) as photographic officer in September 1943. As part of Air Group 51, his squadron was based on the USS San Jacinto (CVL-30) in the spring of 1944. San Jacinto was part of Task Force 58 that participated in operations against Marcus and Wake Islands in May, and then in the Marianas during June. On June 19, the task force triumphed in one of the largest air battles of the war.^[5] Shortly after takeoff Bush's aircraft made a forced water landing. A destroyer rescued the young pilot and his crew, although the plane was lost.^[6] On July 25, Bush and another pilot received credit for sinking a small cargo ship off Palau.

After Bush's promotion to Lieutenant Junior Grade on August 1, the San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands. On September 2, 1944, Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichi Jima. For this mission his crew included Radioman Second Class John Delaney and Lieutenant Junior Grade William White, who substituted for Bush's regular gunner. During their attack, four Avengers from VT-51 encountered intense antiaircraft fire. While starting the attack, Bush's aircraft was hit and his engine caught on fire. Despite the fact that his plane was on fire, he completed his attack and released the bombs over his target, scoring several damaging hits. With his engine on fire, Bush flew several miles from the island, where he and one other crew member on the TBM Avenger bailed out of the aircraft. However, the other man's parachute did not open, and he fell to his death. It was never determined which man bailed out with Bush. Both Delaney and White were killed in action. While Bush waited four hours in his inflated raft, several fighters circled protectively overhead until he was rescued by the lifeguard submarine USS Finback. For this action Bush received the Distinguished Flying Cross. During the month he remained on the USS Finback, Bush participated in the rescue of other pilots.

Bush subsequently returned to San Jacinto in November 1944 and participated in operations in the Philippines. When San Jacinto returned to Guam, the squadron, which had suffered 50 percent casualties of its pilots, was replaced and sent to the United States. Through 1944, he had flown 58 combat missions for which he received the Distinguished Flying Cross, three Air Medals, and the Presidential Unit Citation awarded aboard the San Jacinto.

Because of his valuable combat experience, Bush was reassigned to Norfolk Navy Base and put in a training wing for new torpedo pilots. He was later assigned as a naval aviator in a new torpedo squadron, VT-153. With the surrender of Japan, he was honorably discharged in September 1945 and then entered Yale University.

Marriage, Yale, and Skull & Bones

Almost immediately upon his return from the war in December 1944, George Bush married Barbara Pierce. Their marriage later produced six children: George Walker Bush, Pauline Robinson Bush ("Robin", 1949–1953, died of leukemia), John Ellis "Jeb" Bush, Neil Mallon Bush, Marvin Bush, and Dorothy Bush Koch.

While at Yale, he joined the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and was elected president. He also captained the Yale baseball team, and as a left-handed first baseman, played in the first College World Series. Late in his junior year he was, like his father Prescott Bush (1917), tapped for membership by the Skull and Bones secret society. Some people believe that through this organization, also known as "the Order", Bush made connections with other influential people and families which would shape his career.

Bush graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Yale in 1948 with a B.S. in economics.^[7]

Business ventures

After graduating from Yale, Bush went into the Texas oil exploration business. He was given a position with Dresser Industries, a subsidiary of Brown Brothers Harriman, where his father served on the board of directors for 22 years. His son, Neil Mallon Bush, is named after his employer at Dresser, Henry Neil Mallon, who was a close family friend dating back to Skull & Bones at Yale in 1918 along with Prescott. Zapata Corporation was created by Bush and the Liedtke brothers in 1953 as Zapata Oil. (Authors Webster Tarpley, Kevin Phillips, Daniel Yergin, and others suggest that Bush had ties to the Central Intelligence Agency at this time.)

Campaigns for Senate and Congress

In 1964, Bush won the Republican Party's nomination for the U.S. Senate from Texas. His opponent was the incumbent Democratic Senator Ralph Yarborough. Yarborough made several personal attacks against Bush, calling him a "tool of the eastern kingmakers" and a right-wing extremist.^[8] Bush lost the general election.

Bush did not give up on elective politics and was elected in 1966 to the United States House of Representatives from the 7th District of Texas, defeating Democrat Frank Briscoe with 57% of the vote. Despite being a first-term congressman, Bush was appointed to the powerful House Ways and Means Committee.^[9]

In 1968, Bush briefly lobbied to be Richard Nixon's running mate in the 1968 presidential election. However, once Bush realized that Nixon was looking for someone with more experience than a single term in the U.S. House^{[citation needed]}, Bush ran for reelection. Bush was unopposed in the general election.

In 1970, President Nixon convinced Bush to relinquish his House seat to again run for the Senate against Democratic Senator Ralph Yarborough, a fierce Nixon critic. In the Republican primary, Bush easily defeated conservative Robert Morris, a defeated 1964 candidate, by a margin of 87.6 percent to 12.4 percent. However, former Congressman Lloyd Bentsen, a native of Mission, Texas, defeated Yarborough in the Democratic primary, 816,641 votes (53 percent) to 724,122 (47 percent). Yarborough then endorsed Bentsen. With Yarborough defeated in the primary, Nixon's support for Bush's campaign waned.

Because there was no presidential election in 1970, turnout in Texas was unusually low in the general election. Bentsen defeated Bush by a margin similar to that in his primary victory over Yarborough. Ironically, Bentsen later became the Democratic Party nominee for Vice President in the 1988 presidential election on a ticket with Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis and lost to Bush.

1970s

George H. W. Bush
United States Ambassador to the United Nations
In office 1971 – 1973
Under President	Richard Nixon
Preceded by	Charles W. Yost
Succeeded by	John A. Scali
Born	June 12, 1924 Milton, Massachusetts, USA
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Barbara Bush

After the 1970 election loss, President Richard Nixon appointed Bush to United States Ambassador to the United Nations, at which he served from 1971 to 1973.

After Nixon was re-elected President in 1972, he asked Bush to become Chairman of the Republican National Committee. Bush held this position during the Watergate scandal, when the popularity of both Nixon and the Republican Party plummeted. Bush defended Nixon steadfastly, but later as Nixon's complicity became clear he focused more on defending the Republican Party while still maintaining loyalty to Nixon.

After Nixon's resignation in 1974, Vice President Gerald R. Ford became President, and Bush was one of the two leading contenders to be appointed vice president by Ford, but he lost to the other leading contender, Nelson Rockefeller. Bush had the support of many conservative elements in the Republican Party, particularly Barry Goldwater, against Rockefeller for the Vice Presidency [1]. Ford appointed Bush to be Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in the People's Republic of China. (Since the United States at the time maintained official relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan and not the People's Republic of China, the Liaison Office did not have the official status of an embassy and Bush did not formally hold the position of "ambassador" even though he unofficially acted as one.)

In 1976, Ford brought Bush back to Washington to become Director of Central Intelligence. Bush claimed the appointment was "a real shocker" and denied any prior involvement with the agency.

On January 8, 2007, newly released internal CIA documents revealed that Zapata had in fact emerged from Bush’s collaboration with a covert CIA officer in the 1950’s. According to a CIA internal memo dated November 29, 1975, Zapata Petroleum began in 1953 through Bush’s joint efforts with Thomas J. Devine, a CIA staffer who had resigned his agency position that same year to go into private business, but who continued to work for the CIA under commercial cover. Devine would later accompany Bush to Vietnam in late 1967 as a “cleared and witting commercial asset” of the agency, acted as his informal foreign affairs advisor, and had a close relationship with him through 1975.[2],[3],[4]

Interestingly, initially Bush's confirmation as Director of Central Intelligence was opposed by many pundits and politicians still reeling from the Watergate scandal (when Bush was head of the RNC, and a steadfast defender of Nixon) and the Church Committee investigating whether CIA-ordered foreign assassinations were being directed towards domestic officials, including President Kennedy. Many arguments against Bush's initial confirmation were that he was too partisan for the office. The Washington Post, George Will, and Senator Frank Church were some notable figures opposed to Bush's nomination. After a pledge by Bush not to run for either President or Vice President in 1976, opposition to his nomination died down.

Bush served in this role for 355 days, from January 30, 1976 to January 20, 1977.^[10] The CIA had been rocked by a series of revelations, including revelations based on investigations by the Senate's Church Committee, about the CIA's illegal and unauthorized activities, and Bush was credited with helping to restore the agency's morale.^[11]

After a Democratic administration took power in 1977, Bush became Chairman of the First International Bank in Houston. He also became an adjunct professor of Administrative Science at Rice University in the Jones School of Business in 1978, the year it opened. The course, Organization Theory, involved lectures from Bush regarding the organizations he headed—the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Republican Party, a U.S. congressional office, the USA Representative Office to China, and an oil exploration company. Just months before Bush hit the presidential campaign trail, he was also candid about his internal debate to enter the primaries.^[12]

He also became a board member of the Committee on the Present Danger.

1980 presidential campaign

Main article: United States presidential election, 1980

In the 1980 presidential election, Bush ran for the presidency, stressing his wide range of government experience. In the contest for the Republican Party nomination, despite Bush's establishment backing, the front-runner was Ronald Reagan, former Governor of California who was now running for the third time for President.

In the contest Bush represented the centrist wing in the GOP, whereas Reagan represented the conservative wing of the Republican Party. Bush labeled Reagan's supply side-influenced plans for massive tax cuts "voodoo economics." During the election, Reagan once famously described Bush as a "Brooks Brothers Republican," in response to which Bush opened his jacket at a press conference, smiling, to reveal a J. Press logo.

Bush won the Iowa caucus to start the primary season, then told the press that he had "Big Mo" (or momentum). However, Reagan came back to decisively win the New Hampshire primary, and Bush's "mo" was gone.^[13] With a growing popularity among the Republican voting base, Reagan won most of the remaining primaries and the nomination.

After some preliminary discussion of choosing former President Gerald Ford as his running mate, Reagan selected Bush as his Vice President, placing him on the winning Republican presidential ticket of 1980.

Vice Presidency

The Reagan/Bush ticket won again by a huge landslide in 1984 against the Democrats' Walter Mondale/Geraldine Ferraro ticket.

During his second term as Vice President, Bush became the first Vice President to become Acting President when, on July 13, 1985, President Reagan underwent surgery to remove polyps from his colon. Bush served as Acting President for approximately eight hours, most of which he passed playing tennis.

When the Iran-Contra Affair broke in 1986, Bush stated that he had been "out of the loop" and unaware of the Iran initiatives related to arms trading.^[14]

1988 presidential campaign

Main article: United States presidential election, 1988

In 1988, after nearly eight years as Vice President, Bush again ran for President. His challengers for the Republican presidential nomination included U.S. Senator Bob Dole and ultraconservative televangelist Pat Robertson.

Though considered the early frontrunner for the Republican nomination, Bush came in third in the Iowa caucus, beaten by winner Dole and runner-up Robertson. However, Bush rebounded to win the New Hampshire primary, partly because of television commercials portraying Dole as a tax raiser. Once the multiple-state primaries such as Super Tuesday began, Bush's organizational strength and fundraising lead were impossible for the other candidates to match, and the nomination was his.

Leading up to the 1988 Republican National Convention, there was much speculation as to Bush's choice of running mate. In a move anticipated by few and later criticized by many, Bush chose little-known U.S. Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana. On the eve of the convention, Bush trailed Democratic nominee Michael Dukakis, then Massachusetts governor, by double digits in most polls.

Bush, often criticized for his lack of eloquence when compared to Reagan, surprised many by giving perhaps the best speech of his public career, widely known as the "Thousand points of light" speech^[15] for his use of that phrase to describe his vision of American community. Bush's acceptance speech and a generally well-managed Convention catapulted him ahead of Dukakis in the polls, and he held the lead for the rest of the race. Bush's acceptance speech at the convention included the famous pledge, Read my lips: no new taxes.

The campaign was noted for its highly negative television advertisements. One advertisement run by the Bush campaign showed Dukakis awkwardly riding in a U.S. Army tank. Bush blamed Dukakis for polluting the Boston Harbor as the Massachusetts governor. Bush also pointed out that Dukakis was opposed to the law that would require all students to say the pledge of allegiance. Another, produced and placed by an independent group supporting Bush, referred to murderer Willie Horton, a man who had committed a rape and assault while on a weekend furlough from a life sentence being served in Massachusetts.

Dukakis's unconditional opposition to capital punishment also led to a pointed question during the U.S. presidential debates. Moderator Bernard Shaw asked Dukakis hypothetically if Dukakis would support the death penalty if his wife were raped and murdered. Dukakis's response appeared to many oddly wooden and technical, and helped characterize him as "soft on crime." These images helped enhance Bush's stature as a possible Commander-in-Chief compared to the Massachusetts governor.

Bush beat Michael Dukakis and Lloyd Bentsen soundly in the Electoral College, by 426 to 111 (Bentsen received one vote). In the nationwide popular vote, Bush took 53.4% of the ballots cast while Dukakis gained 45.6%. Bush was the first serving Vice President to be elected President since Martin Van Buren in 1836.

Presidency 1989-1993

Policies

Foreign policy drove the Bush Presidency from its first days. In his January 20, 1989, Inaugural Address upon taking the Presidency, Bush said, "I come before you and assume the Presidency at a moment rich with promise. We live in a peaceful, prosperous time, but we can make it better. For a new breeze is blowing, and a world refreshed by freedom seems reborn; for in man's heart, if not in fact, the day of the dictator is over. The totalitarian era is passing, its old ideas blown away like leaves from an ancient, lifeless tree. A new breeze is blowing, and a nation refreshed by freedom stands ready to push on. There is new ground to be broken, and new action to be taken."^[16]

Leading up to the first Gulf War, on September 11, 1990, President Bush addressing a joint session of Congress stated: "Out of these troubled times, our fifth objective — a New World Order — can emerge: a new era"^[17]

With these words President Bush gave the order to start the military action which would later be known as the Gulf War.

Manuel Noriega

Main article: United States invasion of Panama

Operation Just Cause was the U.S. military invasion of Panama that deposed General Manuel Noriega in December 1989. Involving an expeditionary force of 25,000 troops and state-of-the-art military equipment, the invasion was the largest American military operation since the Vietnam War. General Manuel Noriega was at one time a U.S. ally, who was increasingly using Panama to facilitate the drug traffic from South America to the United States. In the 1980s, dictator Manuel Noriega was one of the most recognizable names in the United States, being constantly covered by the press. The deteriorating situation in Panama, supposedly an American protectorate^{[citation needed]}, was a growing embarrassment for the Reagan Administration, which President Bush inherited. The military implementation took place under supervision of Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman General Colin Powell who—as National Security Advisor for President Reagan—knew well the Panama situation and dictator Noriega. The invasion was preceded by massive protests in Panama against Noriega. Bush's Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney visited American troops in Panama right after the invasion. President Bush visited Panama with his wife in June 1992, to give support to the first post-invasion Panamanian government.

Gulf War

As President, Bush is perhaps best known internationally for leading the United Nations coalition in the 1990–1991 Gulf War. In 1990, Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein invaded its oil-rich neighbor to the south, Kuwait. The broad coalition, in an operation known as Desert Shield, sought to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait and ensure that Iraq did not invade Saudi Arabia. Bush claimed that his position was summed up succinctly when he said, "This aggression will not stand," and, "This is not a war for oil. This is war against aggression." On November 29, the UN passed a resolution establishing a deadline that authorized the nations allied with Kuwait 'to use all necessary means' if Iraq did not withdraw from Kuwait by January 15, 1991. Fighting began on January 17, 1991, when U.S.-led air units launched a devastating series of air attacks against Iraq, with this operation referred to as Desert Storm.^[18]

In a foreign policy move that would later be questioned, President Bush achieved his stated objectives of liberating Kuwait and forcing Iraqi withdrawal, then ordered a cessation of combat operations —allowing Saddam Hussein to stay in power. His Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney noted that invading the country would get the United States "bogged down in the quagmire inside Iraq." Bush later explained that he did not give the order to overthrow the Iraqi government because it would have "incurred incalculable human and political costs... We would have been forced to occupy Baghdad and, in effect, rule Iraq".^[19][20]

In explaining to Gulf War veterans why he chose not to pursue the war further, President Bush said, "Whose life would be on my hands as the commander-in-chief because I, unilaterally, went beyond the international law, went beyond the stated mission, and said we're going to show our macho? We're going into Baghdad. We're going to be an occupying power — America in an Arab land — with no allies at our side. It would have been disastrous."^[21]

President Bush's popularity rating in America soared during and immediately after the apparent success of the military operations, but it later fell dramatically because of an economic recession in combination with perceived failures about the end of the war.^{[citation needed]}

Post-Soviet breakup

As the Soviet Union was unraveling, President Bush and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev declared a U.S.-Soviet strategic partnership at the summit of July 1991, decisively marking the end of the Cold War. President Bush declared that U.S.-Soviet cooperation during the Persian Gulf War in 1990–1991 had laid the groundwork for a partnership in resolving bilateral and world problems.

• Malta Summit^[22]

• Arms control: START I, Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction

See also: Collapse of the Soviet Union, Brent Scowcroft, New World Order (political), A World Transformed, and History of the United States (1988-present)#The end of the Cold War

NAFTA

Bush's government, along with the Progressive Conservative Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, spearheaded the negotiations of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which Bill Clinton signed in 1993.

Pardons

Main article: George H. W. Bush's pardons

Bush's last controversial act in office was his pardon, on December 24, 1992, of six former government employees implicated in the Iran-Contra scandal - most prominently former Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger. Weinberger had been scheduled to stand trial on January 5, 1993, for allegedly lying to Congress regarding his knowledge of arms sales to Iran and concealing 1700 pages of his personal diary detailing discussions with other officials about the arms sales.

As Weinberger's private notes contained references to Bush's endorsement of the secret shipments to Iran, some believe that Bush's pardon was an effort to prevent an order for Bush to appear before a grand jury or possibly to avoid an indictment. Weinberger's indictment stated that Weinberger's notes contradicted Bush's assertions that he had only peripheral knowledge of the arms for hostages deal. Lawrence Walsh, the Independent Counsel assigned to the case, charged that "the Iran-contra cover-up, which has continued for more than six years, has now been completed." Walsh likened the pardons to President Richard Nixon's Saturday Night Massacre. Bush responded that the Walsh probe constituted an attempt to criminalize a policy dispute between the legislative and executive branches. In addition to Weinberger, Bush pardoned Duane R. Clarridge, Clair E. George, Robert C. McFarlane, Elliott Abrams, and Alan G. Fiers Jr., all of whom had been indicted and/or convicted of charges by the Independent Counsel. He is also known to have given executive clemency to Aslam P. Adam, a convicted heroin dealer. Additionally, Bush pardoned Orlando Bosch, a known anti-Castro terrorist who was linked to the bombing of Mackey Airlines in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and had been previously convicted of firing a bazooka at a Polish freighter in Miami harbor. [5][6]

Administration and Cabinet

OFFICE	NAME	TERM
President	George H. W. Bush	1989–1993
Vice President	J. Danforth Quayle	1989–1993
State	James A. Baker III	1989–1992
	Lawrence Eagleburger	1992–1993
Treasury	Nicholas F. Brady	1989–1993
Defense	Richard B. Cheney	1989–1993
Justice	Richard L. Thornburgh	1989–1991
	William P. Barr	1991–1993
Interior	Manuel Lujan, Jr.	1989–1993
Commerce	Robert A. Mosbacher	1989–1992
	Barbara Hackman Franklin	1992–1993
Labor	Elizabeth Hanford Dole	1989–1990
	Lynn Martin	1991–1993
Agriculture	Clayton K. Yeutter	1989–1991
	Edward Madigan	1991–1993
HHS	Louis W. Sullivan	1989–1993
Education	Lauro Cavazos	1989–1990
	Lamar Alexander	1991–1993
HUD	Jack F. Kemp	1989–1993
Transportation	Samuel K. Skinner	1989–1992
	Andrew H. Card	1992–1993
Energy	James D. Watkins	1989–1993
Veterans Affairs	Edward J. Derwinski	1989–1993

Supreme Court appointments

Bush appointed the following Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States:

• David Souter – 1990
• Clarence Thomas – 1991, making Bush the first Republican President to appoint an African American Supreme Court justice.

1992 re-election campaign

The tail end of the late 1980s recession, that had plagued most of Bush's term in office, was a contributing factor to his defeat in the 1992 Presidential election to Governor Bill Clinton of Arkansas. The coalition victory in the Persian Gulf War led to a feeling that Bush's re-election was almost assured, but the economic recession coupled with a perceived failure to end the war properly reduced his popularity. Bush was also perceived as being "out of touch" with the American worker. One incident that was said to lend credence to this suspicion occurred during a technology trade show in which Bush appeared "amazed" upon seeing a demonstration of a supermarket scanner. However, Andrew Rosenthal, the reporter who broke the story was not present during the demonstration. He had relied on his own interpretation of a pool report by Gregg McDonald. The New York Times stood by its interpretation of the event, but Newsweek and Mark Duffy of Time Magazine, as well as the man who demonstrated the product for Bush, all took issue with Rosenthal's characterization.^[23] Nevertheless, media outlets reported the story as it tied in with and supported the notion that the president was out of touch with the common man.

Several other factors were key in his defeat, including agreeing in 1990 to raise taxes despite his famous "Read my lips: no new taxes" pledge not to institute any new taxes. In doing so, Bush alienated many members of his conservative base, losing their support for his re-election. Bush raised taxes in an attempt to address an ever-increasing budget deficit, which some at the time attributed the to the Reagan tax cuts of the 1980s. Despite these tax cuts, overall tax revenues had doubled in the 1980s, from $517 billion to $1.031 trillion.[7]. During the same period, however, growth in domestic spending had outpaced the increase in revenue. George Bush had been supported in 1988 by conservatives to continue the Reagan revolution, and was seen as a failure in this regard. Ironically, Bush had previously admonished Reagan's supply side tax cuts in the 1980 presidential primary when he referred to Reagan's tax proposals as "voodoo economics."

Ross Perot won 19% of the popular vote, the highest total for a third-party candidate since Theodore Roosevelt on the ticket of the Bull-Moose Party. In early 1992 a Gallup poll found the President's approval rating to be at an all-time low, 29%. Despite his defeat, George H. W. Bush left office in 1993 with a 56 percent job approval rating.^[24]

Post-Presidency

Since his final election campaign, Bush has mostly retired from public life. He and his wife live most of the year at their home in the exclusive neighborhood of Tanglewood in Houston, with a presidential office nearby, and the remainder at their summer home Walker's Point in Kennebunkport, Maine. He holds his own fishing tournament in Islamorada, an island in the Florida Keys.

Health

On January 8, 1992, Bush vomited in the lap of Prime Minister of Japan Kiichi Miyazawa during a state dinner. He then fainted. The incident, which Bush claimed was nothing more than the flu, was caught on camera and raised questions about his health, in addition to being a major source of embarrassment. The Japanese coined a verb for this incident: "bushu-suru", meaning "to commit an instance of embarrassing public vomiting", or literally "to do [a] Bush".^[25] At a subsequent state dinner for Japan in Washington D.C., Bush quipped that "this time, dinner is on me".

Bush was diagnosed with Graves disease in 1991. Barbara Bush was subsequently diagnosed with Graves, as was his White House pet, Millie, a Springer Spaniel, although it remains undetermined whether the multiple diagnoses are a coincidence or more.^[26]

The former President was hospitalized on March 10, 2007 following his collapse on a golf course in Palm Springs, California. He was overcome from the heat and lack of fluids. After brief treatment, he was released on Monday, March 12. [8]

News and Events

In April 1993, the Iraqi Intelligence Service allegedly attempted to assassinate former President Bush via car bomb during a visit to Kuwait. However, Kuwaiti security foiled the car bomb plot. On June 26, 1993, the U.S. launched a missile attack targeting Baghdad intelligence headquarters in retaliation for the alleged attempted attack against Bush.

In 1998, Bush made a speech in Tokyo on behalf of Global Crossing, Ltd., a startup telecommunications company. Bush accepted shares of stock in the company in place of his normal $80,000 speaking fee. Global Crossing made a public offering a few months later. SEC records indicate that Bush sold the stock for $4,505,000 in two sales that occurred on November 16, 1999 and March 13, 2000. In January 2002, Global Crossing declared chapter 11 bankruptcy, making it the fourth largest insolvency in United States history.[9]

Bush has never written a memoir of his political life, and says he does not plan to write one. He has, however, published a book containing a series of collected letters (All The Best, George Bush, 1999), and co-authored a book on recent foreign policy issues with his former National Security Advisor, Brent Scowcroft (A World Transformed, 1998).

He has given numerous speeches and participated in business ventures with the Carlyle Group, a private equity fund with close ties to the government of Saudi Arabia. Additionally, he held the position of Senior Advisor to the Carlyle Group's Asia Advisory Board from April 1998 to October 2003. In January 2006, Bush wrote a letter to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) of the People's Republic of China on behalf of the Carlyle Group. In the letter, Bush urged the Chinese government to approve an impending deal in which the Chinese government would sell 85% share ownership of the troubled Guangdong Development Bank to a consortium led by Citibank. In addition to praising Citibank and the other foreign member of the consortium, the Carlyle Group, Bush also intimated that a successful acquisition would be “beneficial to the comprehensive development of Sino-US relations.”

Robert Parry, an American investigative journalist, and others have criticized Bush's allegedly close relationship with Sun Myung Moon, a controversial religious figure.[10]

On June 12, 2004, he went skydiving in honor of his 80th birthday. It was his third parachute jump since World War II. The day before his 80th birthday jump, he and his son both took part in eulogizing his predecessor, Ronald Reagan, at the latter's state funeral.

On November 22, 2004, New York Republican Governor George Pataki named Bush and the other former Presidents living at the time (Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Bill Clinton) as honorary members of the board rebuilding the World Trade Center.

On January 3, 2005, Bush and Bill Clinton were named by the current President Bush to lead a nationwide campaign to help the victims of the Indian Ocean tsunami. Bush and Clinton both appeared on the Super Bowl XXXIX pre-game show on Fox in support of their bipartisan effort to raise money for relief of the disaster through the USA Freedom Corps, an action which Bush described as "transcending politics." Thirteen days later, they both traveled to the affected areas to see how the relief efforts are going.

In August 31, 2005, following the devastation of the Gulf Coast by Hurricane Katrina, Bush again teamed with Clinton to coordinate private relief donations. Reports were common that Bush and Clinton had developed a friendship by now, despite the latter having defeated the former in the 1992 election (such friendships were not unknown, as Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter had developed one despite a similar history). Almost a year later, on May 13, 2006, they received Honorary Diplomas from Tulane University at the school's commencement ceremony.

Bush and his wife Barbara could also be seen sitting in the front row behind home plate at Minute Maid Park in Houston, supporting the Houston Astros during the 2005 World Series.

On June 3, 2006, an informal group of peace activists filed charges against Bush, implying him in war crimes. The charges were delivered to Icelandic authorities, the day before Bush arrived to catch salmon in Icelandic rivers. The Icelandic authorities do not appear to have followed up on the charges. The charges pertained to Bush's actions in Panama in 1989 and in the Gulf War in 1991 while he was president of the USA. [11] [12] [13] [14]

On September 21, 2006, Bush attended the Centennial Celebration of Suffolk University in Boston as a guest speaker for the event, where he received an Honorary Diploma from the Beacon Hill based institution.[15]

With the death of Gerald R. Ford on December 26, 2006, Bush is currently the oldest living former president.

On February 6, 2007, Former President Bush became the ninth recipient of the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award, an award given to "those who have made monumental and lasting contributions to the cause of freedom worldwide," and to those who "embody President Reagan's lifelong belief that one man or woman truly can make a difference." The award was given in Beverly Hills, California, by Former First Lady Nancy Reagan, on behalf of her husband. Bush was Reagan's Vice President for eight years. ^{[27] [28]}

Tributes

The George Bush Presidential Library and Museum is located on the southwest corner of the campus of Texas A&M University in College Station, Texas.

George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston, Texas, was renamed after the former President in 1997.

The first modified Nimitz-class aircraft carrier George H. W. Bush-subclass was named USS George H. W. Bush when it was christened October 7, 2006.^[29]

Bush was given the honorary title Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) by Queen Elizabeth II. The only other Presidents to receive the honor are Ronald Reagan and Dwight D. Eisenhower (who received the title before he became President).

In 1999, the CIA headquarters facility in Langley, Virginia, was renamed the George Bush Center for Intelligence.^[10]

In 2004, The Korea Society awarded George H. W. Bush with its annual James A. Van Fleet Award.

In 2006, he and Bill Clinton were awarded the Philadelphia Liberty Medal. He is also a recipient of the Albert Schweitzer Gold Medal for Humanitarianism.

Trivia

• Bush's height, 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m), makes him the 4th tallest President of the United States.
• He is the first president to have two middle names. He was known as simply George Bush during his political career as his son George W. Bush wasn't yet a public figure.
• In 2001, he became the first President since John Adams to be father of another President, when his son, George W. Bush, was inaugurated. He is now referred to by various nicknames and titles, including "Former President Bush", "Bush the Elder", "the first President Bush", "Bush 41", "Papa Bush", and simply "41", in order to avoid confusion between him and his son. Although their names are similar, they are not identical - George W. Bush lacks his father's first middle name, Herbert.
• On October 22, 1994, Bush appeared on Saturday Night Live, via satellite. He joined guest host Dana Carvey as the latter did his trademark impression of Bush. He again appeared with Carvey in the television show's special "Presidential Bash 2000."
• He is the only President to have been CIA Director, and the only President to have headed the American diplomatic mission in China.
• He is the only President to have been a World War II U.S. Navy combat aviator. He was the last of six US Presidents to have been a veteran of that war.
• Despite being defeated by Bill Clinton in 1992 for the Presidency, the two have since become close associates. They have worked together on several causes, such as Hurricane Katrina relief, despite philosophical differences.
• Bush banned broccoli from the White House and Air Force One: "I'm President of the United States, and I'm not going to eat any more broccoli!" This spawned lots of mocking satire, one example being a sketch on Histeria! in which Loud Kiddington attempts to make him eat broccoli in a parody of Green Eggs and Ham.
• Bush held a bag of cocaine up during a speech in 1989. The cocaine was allegedly purchased in the Presidential Park across the street from the White House.
• In an episode of the animated television series The Simpsons entitled "Two Bad Neighbors," the former First Couple, voiced by Harry Shearer and Tress MacNeille, move into Springfield and are driven out after a Dennis the Menace-style feud with Homer and Bart (wherein it is joked that Bart's destruction of Bush's memoirs explains their non-existence).
• Bush is the third former president to have a ship of the United States Navy named for him while still alive. His namesake, the aircraft carrier USS George H. W. Bush (CVN-77), will be commissioned in 2009.
• Bush is a member of the exclusive Bohemian Club.^[30]
• Both he and his son, current President George W. Bush, have led wars in Iraq against Saddam Hussein

Quotes

• "This aggression will not stand."
• "Read my lips: No new taxes."
• "If you don't feel something strongly you're not going to achieve."
• "Americans should be more like The Waltons and less like The Simpsons."
• "I don't know that Atheists should be considered as citizens." (in August 1987 in a reply to an accredited reporter for American Atheist News Journal, Robert I. Sherman, who attended a campaign dinner for George H. W. Bush. Sherman's seven year-old son was "brutalized" at school for refusing to pledge to a "nation under God.". This was Bush's answer when Sherman asked what he would do to appeal to the Americans who are Atheists?^[31])
• "After a deluded gunman assassinated President Kennedy, our nation turned to Gerald Ford and a select handful of others to make sense of that madness. And the conspiracy theorists can say what they will, but the Warren Commission report will always have the final definitive say on this tragic matter. Why? Because Jerry Ford put his name on it and Jerry Ford’s word was always good." Eulogy for Gerald R. Ford Jan 2, 2007

Notes

Further reading

• Barilleaux, Ryan J.; Stuckey, Mary E. (1992). Leadership and the Bush Presidency: Prudence or Drift in an Era of Change. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-94418-2. 
• Bush, George H. W. (1999). All the best, George Bush: my life in letters and other writings. New York: Scribner. ISBN 0-684-83958-X. 
• Ducat, Stephen J. (2004). The wimp factor: gender gaps, holy wars, and the politics of anxious masculinity. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-4344-3. 
• Duffy, Michael; Goodgame, Dan (1992). Marching in place : the status quo Presidency of George Bush. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-73720-1. 
• Green, John Robert (2000). The Presidency of George Bush. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0993-8. 
• Hyams, Joe (1991). Flight of the Avenger: George Bush at War. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovic. ISBN 0-15-131469-1. 
• Kelley, Kitty (2004). The Family: The True Story of the Bush Dynasty. London: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-50324-5. 
• Podhoretz, John (1993). Hell of a Ride: Backstage at the White House Follies, 1989-1993. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-79648-8. 
• Smith, Jean Edward (1992). George Bush's War. New York: Henry Holt & Company. ISBN 0-8050-1388-1. 
• Tarpley, Webster G.; Chaitkin, Anton (1991). George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography. Washington: Executive Intelligence Review. ISBN 0-943235-05-7. 

See also

• Bush family
• Church Committee
• October surprise conspiracy
• Iran hostage crisis
• Kenneth D. Taylor
• Iran Contra
• Timeline of United States and China relations 1995-1997
• U.S. presidential election, 1980
• U.S. presidential election, 1988
• U.S. presidential election, 1992

Further information: Category:George H.W. Bush

External links

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• George Bush Presidential Library and Museum
• White House biography
• Works by George Bush at Project Gutenberg

Diplomatic posts
Preceded by Charles W. Yost	U.S. Ambassador to the UN 1971–1973	Succeeded by John A. Scali
Preceded by David K. E. Bruce	Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing 1974–1976	Succeeded by Thomas S. Gates, Jr.
Political offices
Preceded by John V. Dowdy	U.S. Congressman for the 7th District of Texas 1967–1971	Succeeded by Bill Archer
Preceded by Bob Dole	Chairman of the Republican National Committee 1973 – 1974	Succeeded by Mary Louise Smith
Preceded by William E. Colby	Director of Central Intelligence January 30, 1976–January 20, 1977	Succeeded by Adm. Stansfield Turner
Preceded by Bob Dole	U.S. Republican Party Vice Presidential Nominees 1980 (won), 1984 (won)	Succeeded by Dan Quayle
Preceded by Walter Mondale	Vice President of the United States January 20, 1981–January 20, 1989 Acting President: July 13, 1985
Preceded by Ronald Reagan	U.S. Republican Party Presidential Nominees 1988 (won), 1992 (lost)	Succeeded by Bob Dole
	President of the United States January 20, 1989–January 20, 1993	Succeeded by Bill Clinton
Preceded by François Mitterrand	Chair of the G8 1990	Succeeded by John Major
Order of precedence in the United States of America
Preceded by Jimmy Carter	United States order of precedence as of 2007	Succeeded by Bill Clinton
Longevity
Preceded by Gerald Ford	Oldest U.S. President still living December 26, 2006–present	Succeeded by —
Awards
Preceded by Rudy Guiliani	Recipient of The Ronald Reagan Freedom Award 2007	Succeeded by -

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Persondata
NAME	Bush, George Herbert Walker
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Bush, George Sr.
SHORT DESCRIPTION	41st president of the United States (1989-1993)
DATE OF BIRTH	12 June 1924
PLACE OF BIRTH	Milton, Massachusetts
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH