General authority

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In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a General Authority is a member of a select body of approximately 100 men with administrative and ecclesiastical authority over the Church. A General Authority's authority is Church-wide, in contrast to the responsibilities of a local authority or an Area authority, which relate to a particular area, unit, or department of the church. However, not all Church leaders with church-wide jurisdiction in the church are considered general authorities.

1 Origin of the term
2 Composition and distinction from General Officers
- 2.1 General Officers
3 Tenure
4 Common consent
5 See also
6 References

[edit] Origin of the term

The first scriptural use of the term General Authority was in minutes of a meeting for the organization of the Presiding High Council in 1834. Though the original minutes did not refer to the term general authorities, the revised minutes, which were included in the 1835 edition of the Doctrine and Covenants, stated that decisions of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles "can only be called into question by the general authorities of the church in case of transgression."^[1] The use of the term general authorities at this time and in this context is generally interpreted to include the First Presidency and the Presiding High Council.

[edit] Composition and distinction from General Officers

By definition, General Authorities are members of the Church's priesthood, which does not include women. The most common definition of the General Authorities includes the members of the following leadership organizations:

Organization	Membership	Title given to members (e.g., Title Smith or Title John J. Smith)	Tenure
First Presidency	President of the Church and his chosen Counselors	President	President of the Church: Life Counselors: Until own death, death of the President of the Church, or release at the discretion of the President
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles	12 Apostles	Elder; President for the President of the Quorum and the Acting President of the Quorum (if any)	Typically life; may be removed from Quorum to join First Presidency; on rare occasions may be removed from the Quorum due to an excess of Apostles
Presidency of the Seventy	7 Seventies, typically drawn from the First or Second Quorums of the Seventy	Elder	Variable (usually 5-8 years); until release at the discretion of the Church President; will typically remain a member of the First or Second Quorums of the Seventy when released
First Quorum of the Seventy	Up to 70 Seventies	Elder	Life; will typically be relieved of active duties and granted emeritus status around age 70
Second Quorum of the Seventy	Up to 70 Seventies	Elder	Variable (usually 5-7 years); until release at the discretion of the Church President
Presiding Bishopric	3 Bishops: one Presiding Bishop and two Counselors	Bishop	Variable (usually 9-12 years); until release at the discretion of the Church President; will typically become a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy upon their release
Presiding Patriarch	1 Patriarch, usually a descendant of Joseph Smith, Sr.	Elder	Life; current Presiding Patriarch has been released of active duties and given general authority emeritus status
Assistants to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles	Defunct (was variable)	Defunct (was Elder)	All Assistants to the Twelve were added to the First Quorum of the Seventy in 1976 and the position was eliminated

[edit] General Officers

Excluded from the definition of the General Authorities are members of the following organizations:

The Third through the Eighth Quorums of the Seventy (who are called Area Seventies and have responsibilities relating to a limited geographical area)
The General Young Mens Presidency
The General Sunday School Presidency
The General Relief Society Presidency
The General Young Womens Presidency
The General Primary Presidency

The latter three groups have traditionally been composed of women and represent the only three organizations in which women are given Church-wide authority. With the exception of the Area Seventies, who have no Church-wide authority, the members of the above organizations are usually referred to as General Officers or General Auxilliary Presidencies of the Church to distinguish them from General Authorities.

Leadership for the General Sunday School and Young Mens organizations have historically been called from the ranks of the General Authority Seventies. However, in the April 2004 General Conference of the Church, Thomas S. Monson of the First Presidency announced that "a recent decision [has been made] that members of the Quorums of the Seventy [will] not serve in the general presidencies of the Sunday School and Young Men."^{[citation needed]}

Due to this change, no General Auxiliary Presidencies are composed of General Authorities. Rather, the General Authority Seventies will be more active in general Church committees and have less jurisdiction over local stakes, particularly in North America. Generally, stake presidents now report to the Area Seventies, who then report to Area presidencies, which are usually composed of General Authority Seventies. In North America, there are no Area Presidencies, with members of the Presidency of the Seventy taking the responsibility of overseeing the Areas.

Typically, General Authorities are given authority to use the sealing power, while General Officers and Area Seventies are not.

[edit] Tenure

A person is typically called to be a General Authority or General Officer by a member of the First Presidency or the Quorum of the Twelve. The President of the Church and members of the Quorum of the Twelve are typically called for life, although there have been more than a dozen instances when an Apostle has been released from his service in the Quorum of the Twelve.

As with any calling in the Church, General Authorities and General Officers serve "until they are released". In current Church practice, men called to the First Quorum of the Seventy typically remain General Authorities for life, but are granted emeritus status in the October follwing their 70th birthday. (This practice has been more flexible in recent years, and as of the October 2004 General Conference, three of the seven members of the Presidency of the Seventy, two other members of the First Quorum, and four members of the Second Quorum were aged 70 or more and continued in office.) Members of the Second Quorum of the Seventy are typically called for a period of five to seven years. When members of the Second Quorum are released, they are no longer General Authorities of the Church. When members of the Presiding Bishopric are released, they almost invariably become members of the First Quorum of the Seventy and are therefore retained as lifetime General Authorities.

[edit] Common consent

In the biannual General Conferences of the Church held in April and October, all of the General Authorities and General Officers of the Church are presented to the Latter-day Saints for a sustaining vote. This is a voluntary indication made by each member (usually by raising the hand) that the member assents to be led by the individuals presented as General Authorities and General Officers. Members of the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles are always named by name, as are any persons being added or released from a position or any General Authority or General Officer moving from one organization to another (e.g., a member of the First Quorum of the Seventy being called to the Presidency of the Seventy). Otherwise, the General Authorities and General Officers of the Church are simply sustained "as presently constituted".

This biannual procedure is dictated by Church theology, which states that the Church shall be governed by the common consent of its membership.^[2] Dissenting votes are rare and have have even more rarely prevented a person from holding the proposed position. General Authorities and General Officers are also assigned to deliver sermons during the two-day conferences.