General (Germany)

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Please see "General" for other countries which use this rank

General (IPA pronunciation: [genə'raːl]) is presently the highest rank of the German Army (Heer) and Luftwaffe. It is the equivalent to an Admiral in the German Navy (Deutsche Marine).

1 Early history
2 19th century
3 World War II
4 Modern usage

[edit] Early history

The German rank of General most likely saw its first use with the religious orders of the Holy Roman Empire, albeit in modified forms and usage from the current understanding of General.^{[citation needed]} By the 16th century, with the rise of standing armies, the German states had begun to appoint Generals from the nobility to lead armies in battle.

A standard rank system was developed during the Thirty Years War, with the highest rank of General usually reserved for the ruling sovereign (e.g. the Kaiser or Elector) and the actual field commander holding the rank of Generalleutnant. The Feldmarschall was a lower rank at that time, as was the Generalwachtmeister.

By the 17th and 18th centuries, the rank of General was present in all the militaries of the German states and saw its greatest usage by the militaries of Bavaria and Prussia. It was these two militaries that created the concept of the “General Staff”, which was often manned entirely by members of the nobility. To be a General implied membership in the noble class as a Count, Duke or Freiherr (this also accounts for most German Generals of this era having the prefix “von” before their names).

[edit] 19th century

During the Napoleonic Wars, the ranks of German Generals were established in four grades, beginning with the Generalmajor, followed by the Generalleutnant, the General and the Generalfeldmarschall. The standard uniforms and insignia, used for over a century, also developed during this period. The title of General (three stars) included the branch of service that a General served in, leading to the titles of General der Infanterie, General der Kavallerie and General der Artillerie.

In 1854, Prussia introduced the rank of Generaloberst so that officers could be promoted further than General without becoming a Generalfeldmarschall, as this rank was usually only bestowed for extraordinary achievements during wartime service. Later, another special grade known as Generaloberst mit dem Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls was first used in Bavaria to denote Colonel Generals who were given the authority of Field Marshals without the actual rank. During the German Empire, the German General ranks had been established as follows:

Generalmajor	Generalleutnant	General	Generaloberst	Generaloberst mit dem Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls	Generalfeldmarschall

It was also during this period that the insignia of German Generals was established to be a heavy golden shoulder board with up to four pips denoting seniority as a General. The rank of Generalfeldmarschall displayed a crossed set of Marshal's batons on the shoulder board. German generals also began wearing golden ornaments (Arabeske) on their collars, in contrast to the colored collar bars worn by the rest of the German military forces.

[edit] World War II

The rank of General saw its widest usage in German history during the Second World War. Due to the massive expansion of the German military, a new “wave” of Generals was promoted in the 1930s which would lead Germany into the war.

The medical and veterinarian branch of the Wehrmacht used special designations for their general officers, with the Generalarzt or Generalveterinär being the equivalent of the Generalmajor, the Generalstabsarzt or Generalstabsveterinär of the Generalleutnant and the Generaloberstabsarzt or Generaloberstabsveterinär of the General.

With the formation of the Luftwaffe, Air Force Generals began to use the same General ranks as the German Army. The shoulder insignia was identical to that used by the Army, with the addition of special collar patches worn by the Luftwaffe Generals. A supreme Luftwaffe rank of Reichsmarschall was created in 1940 for Hermann Göring.

Generalmajor	Generalleutnant	General	Generaloberst	Generalfeldmarschall	Reichsmarschall

In 1941, the Waffen-SS began using General ranks in addition to standard SS ranks. An Obergruppenführer of the Waffen-SS, for example, would be titled SS-Obergruppenführer und General der Waffen-SS. The Ordnungspolizei also used similar police ranks. The Waffen-SS had no Field Marshals, but the rank of Reichsführer-SS held by Heinrich Himmler was considered to be the equivalent of a Field Marshal during the later war years.

The Senior Colonel rank of SS-Oberführer has sometimes been considered to be a Brigadier General equivalent; however, as there was no equivalent in the German Army, the rank (in particular among the Waffen-SS) was not considered a General equivalent.

[edit] Modern usage

After World War II, the West German Bundeswehr and the East German Nationale Volksarmee adopted the rank systems of their respective military blocs.

In the Bundeswehr, the rank of Brigadegeneral was inserted below the rank of Generalmajor. While the rank titles of Generalmajor, Generalleutnant and General were retained, each of those titles now denotes a higher rank than before (e.g. the Generalleutnant is now a three-star general).

Prior to the Reunification of Germany, the East German (DDR) General rank designations were based on the Soviet model. The Generalmajor was still the lowest grade of general, followed by the Generalleutnant, the Generaloberst (now three stars instead of four) and the Armeegeneral. In 1982, the East German government established the rank of Marschall der DDR, although no one was ever promoted to this rank.