Gender in Dutch grammar
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In the Dutch language, nouns have one of three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, or neuter. The gender of a word determines the articles used with it and the pronouns referring to it. Sometimes masculine and feminine nouns are collectively called de-words, whereas neuter nouns are called het-words, in accordance with the definite article used with them. Traditionally, pronouns used for masculine nouns are hij/hem/zijn, feminine zij/haar, neuter het/zijn. In some parts of the Netherlands, awareness of the distinction between masculine and feminine nouns is disappearing, producing a common gender, and using the masculine pronouns for feminine nouns has become quite common in speech and accepted in informal writing. In Belgium, the distinction is usually, but not always, maintained. For a large number of words no clear division is determined, and dictionaries just indicate them as de-words. In the case of persons and animals of known sex the pronouns used are generally determined by the biological sex rather than by the grammatical gender of the word.
Although for most words gender can only be found by consulting a dictionary, the following rules can be used to determine the gender of many words:
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[edit] Common Nouns (De)
[edit] Masculine nouns
- There is a small number of words that form exceptions to the rules stated below, like baker (midwife).
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- Words ending with:
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- aar — leugenaar (liar)
- aard — dronkaard (drunkard)
- er — bakker (baker)
- erd — engerd (creep)
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- Independently used verb stems:
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- bloei (blossom)
- dank (thanks)
- groei (growth)
- schrik (fear)
- slaap (sleep)
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- Words referring to male entities:
- oom (uncle)
- dief (male thief)
- hengst (stallion)
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- However, diminutives such as jongetje (little boy) are neuter nouns.
[edit] Feminine nouns
- There is a small number of words that form exceptions to the rules stated below, like: dienst (favour).
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- Words ending with:
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- heid — waarheid (truth)
- nis — kennis (knowledge)
- schap — boodschap (message)
- de — liefde (love)
- te — diepte (depth)
- ij — voogdij (custody)
- ing — wandeling (hike)
- st — winst (profit)
- ster — verpleegster (nurse)
- in — godin (goddess)
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[edit] Words with non-native endings or elements
- There is a small number of words that form exceptions to the rules stated below, like kanarie (canary)
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- Words ending with:
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- ie — filosofie (philosophy)
- iek — muziek (music)
- ica — logica (logic)
- theek — bibliotheek (library)
- teit — puberteit (puberty)
- tuur — natuur (nature)
- suur — censuur (censorship)
- ade — tirade (tirade)
- ide — asteroïde (asteroid)
- ode — periode (period)
- ude — amplitude (amplitude)
- age — tuigage (rigging)
- ine — discipline (discipline)
- se — analyse (analysis)
- sis — crisis (crisis)
- xis — syntaxis (syntax)
- tis — bronchitis (bronchitis)
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- Words referring to female entities:
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- tante (aunt)
- dievegge (female thief)
- merrie (mare)
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- However, diminutives such as meisje (girl) are neuter nouns.
[edit] Neuter nouns (Het)
- Diminutive nouns (recognizable by je, kje, pje, tje or etje after the stem). Note this holds even when the referent is obviously male or female, e.g. meisje (girl):
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- bloempje (little flower)
- lammetje (little lamb)
- Verb stems with the following prefixes:
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- be — beraad (consideration)
- ge — gedoe (fuss)
- ont — ontslag (discharge)
- Names of towns and countries:
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- Brussel (Brussels)
- Nederland (the Netherlands)
- Words ending with -isme:
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- Socialisme (socialism)
- Vandalisme (vandalism)
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Chapter 2 of van Berkum, J.J.A. (1996) The psycholinguistics of grammatical gender: Studies in language comprehension and production, "The linguistics of gender" (PDF)
