Gaspar de Zúñiga y Acevedo, Count of Monterrey
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Gaspar de Zúñiga y Acevedo, Count of Monterrey (Spanish: Gaspar de Zúñiga y Acevedo, conde de Monterrey) (1560, Monterrey, Spain—March 16, 1606, Peru), Spanish nobleman, the ninth viceroy of New Spain. He governed from November 5, 1595 to October 26, 1603. From January 18, 1604 until his death in 1606, he was viceroy of Peru.
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[edit] Early service
Zúñiga y Acevedo was born the eldest son of the fourth conde de Monterrey, Géronimo de Acevedo y Zúñiga. He studied in Monterrey under the direction of Jesuit priests. In 1578 he entered the service of King Philip II. He participated in the Portuguese campaign, where he led the Galician militia, paying them out of his own pocket. Zúñiga also took part in the defense of the port of La Coruña when it was attacked by the English corsair Francis Drake in 1589.
[edit] Viceregal administration
On May 28, 1595, Zúñiga was nominated viceroy of New Spain. He arrived in the colony, at Veracruz, in mid-September, as the successor to Viceroy Luis de Velasco, marqués de Salinas. On November 5, 1595 he made his solemn entry into Mexico City, taking up the reins of government.
He increased taxes on the Indians, but he was said to pay personal attention to adjustments required of the Indians in order to prevent their being exploited.
On September 20, 1596, Diego de Montemayor founded the city of Monterrey, Nuevo León. This city was named in the viceroy's honor.
In 1597 pirates attacked the port of Campeche, taking over the center of the town and terrorizing the inhabitants. Zúñiga ordered increased protection for the ports. He also moved the town of Veracruz from its old site to its present location, which was more secure.
In 1598 Philip II died, and Philip III succeeded to the Spanish crown.
In 1601 the Indians of Topia rose against the Spanish, but through the influence of Idefonso de la Mota, bishop of Guadalajara, they were pacified. The Jesuits subsequently established missions there, in the Tarahumara.
[edit] Explorations
Among his first acts as viceroy was organizing an overland expedition to explore and colonize New Mexico, continuing a policy of his predecessor. This expedition was under the command of Juan de Oñate, who founded the town of Santa Fe, but did not find the legendary Seven Cities of Gold of the provinces of Cibola and Quivira.
He also sent two expeditions to explore the Pacific coast of Mexico. Sebastián Vizcaíno sailed from Acapulco in 1596 with three ships. On this expedition Vizcaíno founded La Paz, Baja California Sur, so named because of his friendly reception there by the Indians. He also discovered Cape San Sebastián.
A later expedition by Vizcaíno with the same mission sailed on May 5, 1602 with four ships. This expedition was more fruitful. Ensenada, Baja California was founded. San Diego Bay was explored and Catalina Island was named. The explorers reached as far north as Monterey Bay, Alta California, which Vizcaíno named in honor of the viceroy.
[edit] Viceroy of Peru
On May 19, 1603, Zúñiga y Acevedo was named viceroy of Peru. He remained in New Spain until September, awaiting the arrival of his successor, Juan de Mendoza y Luna, marqués de Montesclaros. After the arrival of the new viceroy, the two met in Orizaba, midway between Veracruz and Mexico City. Here Zúñiga hosted a week-long welcoming festival said to have cost more than a year's viceregal salary.
The new viceroy took over the administration of New Spain in October, and in that month Zúñiga y Acevedo sailed from Acapulco for Lima.
Private affairs delayed him again in Panama and Paita. He did not enter Lima until November 28, 1604. There he finished the preparations for the dispatch of Pedro Fernández Quires on a naval expedition to the South Seas. This expedition sailed on December 21, 1605. Shortly after that he died, still in office but without having had the opportunity to initiate reforms.
[edit] References
- (Spanish) "Zúñiga y Acevedo, Gaspar de," Enciclopedia de México, v. 14. Mexico City, 1988.
- (Spanish) García Puron, Manuel, México y sus gobernantes, v. 1. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrua, 1984.
- (Spanish) Orozco Linares, Fernando, Gobernantes de México. Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985, ISBN 968-38-0260-5.
[edit] External links
- Short biography from Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography
| Preceded by Luis de Velasco, marqués de Salinas |
Viceroy of New Spain 1595–1603 |
Succeeded by Juan de Mendoza y Luna, marqués de Montesclaros |
| Preceded by Luis de Velasco, marqués de Salinas |
Viceroy of Peru 1604–1606 |
Succeeded by Diego Núñez de Avendaño |
