G. L. S. Shackle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
George Lennox Sharman Shackle (14 July 1903 - 3 March 1992) was an English economist. He made a practical attempt to challenge classical rational choice theory and has been characterised as a "post-Keynesian". Much of his work is associated with the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence.
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[edit] Life
Born in Cambridge, his father was a mathematics teacher who had coached John Maynard Keynes to an Eton scholarship. Shackle attended The Perse School but his parents could not afford to support him through university so he started work as a bank clerk. Later becoming a teacher, he studied in his own time for a University of London B.A. degree which he took in 1931. He started work on a Ph.D. under the supervision of Friedrich Hayek at the LSE but switched to an interpretation of Keynes's General Theory of Employment Interest and Money. He obtained his doctorate in 1937.
Following a number of academic posts, at the outbreak of World War II in 1939, Shackle was appointed to S-Branch, Sir Winston Churchill's inner office of economists. There he served along with Donald MacDougall and Helen Makower under the leadership of Frederick Lindemann.
Following the war, a short spell at the Cabinet Office under James Meade and at the University of Leeds led to appointment as professor of economics at the University of Liverpool, a post he held until his retirement in 1969.
[edit] Work
Shackle was influenced by Keynes and Gunnar Myrdal and challenged the conventional role of probability in economics, contending that it failed adequately to deal with "surprising" events. The grounds of his thinking can be seen in Keynes's remark:
By “uncertain” knowledge … I do not mean merely to distinguish what is known for certain from what is only probable. The game of roulette is not subject, in this sense, to uncertainty … The sense in which I am using the term is that in which the prospect of a European war is uncertain, or the price of copper and the rate of interest twenty years hence, or the obsolescence of a new invention … About these matters there is no scientific basis on which to form any calculable probability whatever. We simply do not know!
– John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
Though technical in nature, Shackle's work took economics into novel territory such as the importance of imagination in economic decisions to assess the plausibility of alternative outcomes. Though, Shackle's work has made a limited impact on the mainstream of thought, it continues to attract a, perhaps increasing, interest.
Shackle has also made important contributions to the history of economic thought, especially with regard to twentieth century economic schools of thought. Two of his works on doctrinal economic history have become classics: his Years of High Theory detailing the economic debates surrounding the Keynesian Revolution in Britain are invaluable as is his Epistemics and Economics, an incisive critical evaluation of various economic theories.
[edit] Bibliography
[edit] By Shackle
- Frowen, S.F. (ed.) (2004). Economists in Discussion : The Correspondence Between G.L.S. Shackle and Stephen F. Frowen, 1951-1992. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-77208-3.
- Shackle, G.L.S (1938) Expectations, Investment and Income
- - (1949). Expectations in Economics. Gibson Press. ISBN 0-88355-816-5.
- - (1967). The Years of High Theory: Invention and Tradition in Economic Thought 1926-1939. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-06279-9.
- - (1970). Expectation, Enterprise and Profit: The Theory of the Firm. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-31378-3.
- - (1972). Epistemics & Economics: A Critique of Economic Doctrines. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-558-0.
- - (1977) Imagination and the Nature of Choice
[edit] About Shackle
- Stephen, F.H. (ed.) (1985). Expectation, Possibility and Interest: Appraisal of the Economics of GLS Shackle. MCB University Press. ISBN 0-86176-228-2.
- Frowen,S.F. (2004) "Shackle, George Lennox Sharman (1903–1992)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, [1], <accessed 3 April 2006>
