Fuzûlî
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- For the administrative region of Azerbaijan, see Fizuli.
Fużūlī (فضولی) was the pen name (مخلص; Ottoman Turkish: maḫlaṣ, Persian: mükhliṣ, Arabic: mukhliṣ) of the Turkic poet Muhammad bin Suleyman (محمد بن سليمان) (c. 1483–1556). Often considered one of the greatest contributors to the Dîvân tradition of Turkish literature[1], Fuzûlî in fact wrote his collected poems (dîvân) in three different languages: Azerbaijani Turkish, Persian, and Arabic. Although his Turkish works are written in Azerbaijani, he was well-versed in both the Ottoman and the Chagatai Turkish literary traditions as well.
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[edit] Life
| Turkish Literature |
| By category |
| Epic Tradition |
| Folk Tradition |
| Ottoman Era |
| Republican Era |
Fuzûlî is generally believed to have been born around 1483 in what is now Iraq, when the area was under Ak Koyunlu Turkmen rule; he was probably born in either Karbalā’ or an-Najaf[2]. His family was a part of the Bayat tribe, one of the Turkic Oghuz tribes who were related to the Ottoman Kayı clan and were scattered throughout the Middle East, Anatolia, and the Caucasus at the time. Though Fuzûlî's ancestors had been of nomadic origin, the family had long since settled in towns.
Fuzûlî appears to have received a good education, first under his father—who was a mufti in the city of Al Hillah—and then under a teacher named Rahmetullah[3]. It was during this time that he learned the Persian and Arabic languages in addition to his native Azerbaijani. Fuzûlî showed poetic promise early in life, composing sometime around his twentieth year the important mesnevî entitled Beng ü Bâde (بنگ و باده; "Opium and Wine"), in which he compared the Ottoman sultan Bayezid II to opium and the Safavid shah Ismail I to wine, much to the advantage of the latter.
One of the few things that is known of Fuzûlî's life during this time is how he arrived at his pen name. In the introduction to his collected Persian poems, he says: "In the early days when I was just beginning to write poetry, every few days I would set my heart on a particular pen name and then after a time change it for another because someone showed up who shared the same name"[4]. Eventually, he decided upon the Arabic word fuzûlî—which literally means "impertinent, improper, unnecessary"—because he "knew that this title would not be acceptable to anyone else"[5]. Despite the name's pejorative meaning, however, it contains a double meaning—what is called tevriyye (توريه) in Ottoman Divan poetry—as Fuzûlî himself explains: "I was possessed of all the arts and sciences and found a pen name that also implies this sense since in the dictionary fuzûl (ﻓﻀﻮل) is given as a plural of fazl (ﻓﻀﻞ; 'learning') and has the same rhythm as ‘ulûm (ﻋﻠﻮم; 'sciences') and fünûn (ﻓﻨﻮن; 'arts')"[6].
In 1534, the Ottoman sultan Süleymân I conquered the region of Baghdad, where Fuzûlî lived, from the Safavid Empire. Fuzûlî now had the chance to become a court poet under the Ottoman patronage system, and he composed a number of kasîdes, or panegyric poems, in praise of the sultan and members of his retinue, and as a result, he was granted a stipend. However, owing to the complexities of the Ottoman bureaucracy, this stipend never materialized. In one of his best-known works, the letter Şikâyetnâme (شکايت نامه; "Complaint"), Fuzûlî spoke out against such bureaucracy and its attendant corruption:
- سلام وردم رشوت دگلدر ديو آلمادىلر
- Selâm verdim rüşvet değildir deyü almadılar.[7]
- I said hello, but they didn't accept it since it wasn't a bribe.
Though his poetry flourished during his time among the Ottomans, the loss of his stipend meant that, materially speaking, Fuzûlî never became secure. In fact, most of his life was spent attending upon the Shi`ite Tomb of `Alî in the city of an-Najaf, south of Baghdad[8]. He died during a plague outbreak in 1556, in Karbalā’, either of the plague itself or of cholera.
[edit] Works
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Fuzûlî has always been known, first and foremost, as a poet of love. It was, in fact, a characterization that he seems to have agreed with:
- مندن فضولی ايستمه اشعار مدح و ذم
- من عاشقام هميشه سوزم عاشقانه در
- Menden Fuzûlî isteme eş'âr-ı medh ü zem
- Men âşıkam hemîşe sözüm âşıkânedür[9]
- Don't ask Fuzûlî for poems of praise or rebuke
- I am a lover and speak only of love
Fuzûlî's notion of love, however, has more in common with the Sufi idea of love as a projection of the essence of God—though Fuzûlî himself seems to have belonged to no particular Sufi order—than it does with the Western idea of romantic love. This can be seen in the following lines from another poem:
- عاشق ايمش هر ن وار ﻋﺎﻝﻢ
- ﻋلم بر قيل و قال ايمش آنجق
- ‘Aşk imiş her ne var ‘âlem
- ‘İlm bir kîl ü kâl imiş ancak[10]
- All that is in the world is love
- And knowledge is nothing but gossip
The first of these lines, especially, relates to the idea of wahdat al-wujūd (وحدة الوجود), or "unity of being", which was first formulated by Ibn al-‘Arabī and which states that nothing apart from various manifestations of God exists. Here, Fuzûlî uses the word "love" (عاشق ‘aşk) rather than God in the formula, but the effect is the same.
In Fuzûlî's œuvre, his most extended treatment of this idea of love is in the long poem Dâstân-ı Leylî vü Mecnun (داستان ليلى و مجنون), a mesnevî which takes as its subject the classical Middle Eastern love story of Layla and Majnun. In his version of the story, Fuzûlî concentrates upon the pain of the mad lover Majnun's separation from his beloved Layla, and comes to see this pain as being of the essence of love:
- یا رب بلا عاشق ايله قيل آشنا منى
- بر دم بلا عاشقدن ايتمه جدا منى
- آز ايلمه عنایتونى اهل دردن
- يعنى كه چوح بلالره قيل مبتلا منى
- Yâ Rab belâ-yı ‘aşk ile kıl âşinâ meni
- Bir dem belâ-yı ‘aşkdan etme cüdâ meni
- Az eyleme ‘inâyetüni ehl-i derdden
- Ya‘ni ki çoh belâlara kıl mübtelâ meni[11]
- Oh God, let me know the pain of love
- Do not for even a moment separate me from it
- Do not lessen your aid to the afflicted
- But rather, make lovesick me one among them
The ultimate value of the suffering of love, in Fuzûlî's work, lies in that it helps one to approach closer to "the Real" (al-Haqq الحق), which is one of the 99 names of God in Islamic tradition.
[edit] Selected bibliography
[edit] Works in Azerbaijani
- Dîvân ("Collected Poems")
- Beng ü Bâde (بنگ و باده; "Opium and Wine")
- Hadîkat üs-Süedâ (حديقهت السعداء; "Garden of Pleasures")
- Dâstân-ı Leylî vü Mecnûn (داستان ليلى و مجنون; "The Epic of Layla and Majnun")
- Risâle-i Muammeyât (رسال ﻤﻌﻤيات; "Treatise on Riddles")
- Şikâyetnâme (شکايت نامه; "Complaint")
[edit] Works in Persian
- Dîvân ("Collected Poems")
- Anîs ol-qalb (اﻥﻴﺲ الﻗﻠﺐ; "Friend of the Heart")
- Haft Jâm (هﻔﺖ جام; "Seven Goblets")
- Rend va Zâhed (رند و زاهد; "Hedonist and Ascetic")
- Resâle-e Muammeyât (رسال ﻤﻌﻤيات; "Treatise on Riddles")
- Sehhat o Ma'ruz (ﺹحت و ﻡﻌﺮوض; "Health and Sickness")
[edit] Works in Arabic
- Dîvân ("Collected Poems")
- Matla' ul-İ'tiqâd (ﻡﻄﻠﻊ الاﻋﺘﻘﺎد; "The Birth of Faith")
[edit] References
Primary
- Fuzulî. Fuzulî Divanı: Gazel, Musammat, Mukatta' ve Ruba'î kısmı. Ed. Ali Nihad Tarlan. İstanbul: Üçler Basımevi, 1950.
- Fuzulî. Leylâ ve Mecnun. Ed. Muhammet Nur Doğan. ISBN 975-08-0198-9.
Secondary
- Andrews, Walter G. "Fuzûlî" in Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology. pp. 235–237. ISBN 0-292-70472-0.
- "Fozule, Mohammad b. Solayman". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 25 August 2006.
- "Fuzuli, Mehmed bin Süleyman." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 23 Aug. 2006 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035730>.
- Kudret, Cevdet. Fuzuli. ISBN 9751020166.
- Şentürk, Ahmet Atillâ. "Fuzûlî" in Osmanlı Şiiri Antolojisi. pp. 280–324. ISBN 975-08-0163-6.
[edit] Notes
[edit] External links
- Muhammed Fuzuli—a website with a brief biography and translated selections from Leylî vü Mecnûn
- Fuzûlî in Stanford J. Shaw's History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
