Fusilier
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Fusilier was originally the name of a soldier armed with a light flintlock musket called the fusil. The word was first used around 1680, and has later developed into a regimental designation.
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[edit] History
Various forms of flintlock small arms had been used in warfare since the middle of the 16th century. At the time of the English civil war (1642-1652) the term firelock was usually employed to distinguish these weapons from the more common matchlock musket.
The special value of the firelock in armies of the 17th century lay in the fact that the artillery of the time used open powder barrels for the service of the guns, making it unsafe to allow lighted matches in the muskets of the escort. Further, a military escort was required, not only for the protection, but also for the surveillance of the artillerymen of those days. Companies of firelocks were therefore organized for these duties, and out of these companies grew the fusiliers who were employed in the same way in the wars of Louis XIV. In the latter part of the Thirty Years' War (1643) fusiliers were simply mounted troops armed with the fusil, as carabiniers were with the carbine. But the escort companies of artillery came to be known by the name shortly afterwards, and the regiment of French Royal Fusiliers, organized in 1671 by Vauban, was considered the model for Europe.
The general adoption of the flintlock musket and the suppression of the pike in the armies of Europe put an end to the original special duties of fusiliers, and they were subsequently employed to a large extent in light infantry work, perhaps on account of the greater individual aptitude for detached duties naturally shown by soldiers who had never been restricted to a fixed and unchangeable place in the line of battle.
[edit] Fusiliers by country
[edit] British Army
The distinctive head-dress of fusilier other ranks in the British service was a raccoon skin cap, generally resembling, but smaller than and different in details from, the bearskins of the Foot Guards. Fusilier officers however wore a bearskin like their counterparts in the Guards. Attached to the various types of fusilier headdress, including the modern beret, is the hackle. This is a short cut feather plume, the colour or colours of which varied according to the regiment. Prior to 1914 hackles were scarlet over white for the Northumberland Fusiliers; primrose yellow for the Lancashire Fusiliers; white for the Royal Fusiliers; white for the Royal Scots Fusiliers; grey for the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers; white for the Royal Welch Fusiliers; white and green for the Royal Munster Fusiliers and blue and green for the Royal Dublin Fusiliers.
The eight regiments of fusiliers that existed in 1914 have been reduced by a series of disbandments and mergers to:
Prior to March 2006, a further two regiments of fusiliers existed in the British Army:
- The Royal Highland Fusiliers (Princess Margaret's Own Glasgow and Ayrshire Regiment)
- The Royal Welch Fusiliers
These two regiments were then amalgamated into larger regiments. The names exist within battalions of these new regiments:
- The Royal Highland Fusiliers, 2nd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Scotland
- 1st Battalion, The Royal Welsh (Royal Welch Fusiliers)
[edit] Canadian Forces
There are five fusilier regiments patterned on the British tradition forming part of the militia (part-time reserve) of the Canadian Forces. Le Royal 22e Régiment, although not fusiliers, wears fusilier ceremonial uniform because of its alliance with The Royal Welch Fusiliers.
- The Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada (which wears highland uniform, but with fusilier hackles on feather bonnets)
- Les Fusiliers du Saint-Laurent
- Les Fusiliers Mont-Royal
- The Princess Louise Fusiliers
- Les Fusiliers de Sherbrooke
[edit] German Army
In the Prussian Army of 1870, Infantry Regiments 33 to 40 plus Regiments 73, 80 and 86 were all designated as fusiliers, as was the Guard Fusiliers Regiment. In addition the third battalions of all Guard, Grenadier and Line infantry regiments were fusiliers. The title was honorific and did not have any tactical significance. These units remained in existence until the end of the German Imperial Army in 1918.
The various Fusilier regiments and battalions in the German Army did not have any single distinctions of dress or equipment to distinguish them as fusiliers. Individual regiments did however have special features worn with the dark blue full dress until 1914. As examples the Guard Fusiliers had yellow shoulder straps and black plumes and the 80th Fusiliers special braiding on collars and cuffs deriving from their origin as the Elector of Hesse's Guards.
[edit] French military
In the French service, there are the naval fusiliers (Fusiliers de Marine) and air fusiliers, who secure bases and other facilities.
[edit] Netherlands Army
In the Royal Netherlands Army, one of the two foot guards regiments, the Garderegiment Fuseliers Prinses Irene is a regiment of fusiliers.
[edit] Belgian forces
The Belgian Army has no specific regiment called fusiliers, but the general denomination for infantry soldiers is Storm fusilier (Dutch: stormfuselier - French: fusilier d'assaut).
The Belgian Navy used to have a regiment of marine infantry composed of marine fusiliers in charge of the protection of the naval bases. This unit has now been disbanded in the 1990s reforms however.
[edit] Portuguese and Brazilian military
The Portuguese and Brazilian marines are called Fuzileiros Navais (Naval Fusiliers). In the Brazilian Army, all infantry soldiers are called fusiliers.
[edit] References
- This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
