Fusang
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Fusang (扶桑) is a country described by the Chinese Buddhist missionary Hui-Shen (慧深; Japanese pronunciation: Kei-shin) in CE 499, as a place 20,000 Chinese li (around 1,500 kilometers) beyond the sea to the east of China. Hui-Sheng went by ship to Fusang, and upon his return reported his findings to the Chinese Emperor. His descriptions are recorded in the 7th century Liang Shu (History of the Liang Dynasty) by Yao Silian.
Contents |
[edit] Interpretations
A common interpretation of the term "Fusang" is Japan, although in Hui-Sheng's report Fusang is presented as distinct from the statelet of Wa, another name associated with ancient Japan and probably describing Japanese communities in the island of Kyūshū.
In Chinese mythology, Fusang refers to a divine tree in the East, from where the sun rises. A similar tree, known as ruomu exists in the west, and each morning the sun was said to rise from fusang and fall on ruomu. Chinese legend has 10 birds (typically ravens) living in the tree, and as nine rested, the tenth would carry the sun on its journey. This legend has similarities with the Chinese tale of the fictional hero Houyi (后羿), sometimes referred to as The Archer, who is credited with saving the world by shooting down nine of the suns when one day all ten took to the air simultaneously. Some scholars have identified the bronze trees found at the archaeological site Sanxingdui with these Fusang trees. The term Fusang would later designate Japan in Chinese poems.
Fusang is pronounced Fusō (扶桑) in the Japanese language, and is one of the names to designate ancient Japan.
According to some historians, the distances given by Hui-Sheng (20,000 Chinese li) would locate Fusang on the west coast of the American continent, when taking the ancient Han-period definition of the Chinese li. The Chinese li, or Chinese mile unit of distance, varied through time, and although it was roughly 435 meters during the Chin and Han dynasties, it was approximately 77 meters under the Wei and Western Qin dynasties, as used as such in the Sanguo Zhi or Records of Three Kingdoms. The description of the plants and people in the strange land led some scholars to suggest that the Chinese had visited America a thousand years before Columbus. Some Chinese and Buddhist artistic influences on the Mayan art of the period have also been suggested.
The Liang Shu, however, seems to use its contemporary definition of the Chinese mile (at 77 meters). For example, it very accurately describes that the statelet of Wa (in Kyūshū, Japan) was 2,000 li (150 kilometers) across the sea from the Korean Peninsula with an island in the middle (modern Tsushima Islands):
"To get from Daifang to the country of the Wa, it is necessary to follow the coast and go beyond the Korean state to the south-east for about 500 kilometers, then for the first time cross a sea to a small island 75 kilometers away, then cross the sea again for 75 kilometers to Miro country (Ch: 未盧國, modern Tosu city in Saga Prefecture, Japan)." Liang Shu (Ch:從帶方至倭,循海水行,歷韓國,乍東乍南,七千餘里始度一海.海闊千餘里,名瀚海,至一支國.又度一海千餘里,名未盧國) [1]
For Fusang, the distance of 20,000 li would then represent about 1,500 kilometers, and would be roughly consistent with eastern Japan.
[edit] Descriptions of Fusang
According to the report of Hei-Shin to the Chinese emperor upon his return, described in the Liang Shu:
- "Fusang is 20,000 li to the East of the country of the Great Han, and located to the east of China" (扶桑在大漢國東二萬餘里,地在中國之東, Liang Shu)
- "On that land, there are many Fusang plants (perhaps red mulberry) that produce oval-shaped leaves similar to paulownia and edible purplish-red fruits like pears. (Ch:其土多扶桑木,故以為名.扶桑葉似桐,而初生如,國人食之,實如梨而赤). The place was rich in copper and traces of gold and silver but no iron. The native tribes in Fusang were civilized, living in well-organized communities. They produced paper from the bark of the Fusang plants for writing (Ch:有文字,以扶桑皮為紙) and produced cloth from the fibers of the bark, which they used for robes or wadding (Ch:績其皮為布以為衣,亦以為綿). Their houses or cabins were constructed with red mulberry wood. The fruits and young shoots of the plants were one of their food sources. They raised deer for meat and milk, just as the Chinese raised cattle at home, and produced cheese with deer milk. They traveled on horseback and transported their goods with carts or sledges pulled by horses, buffalo, or deer." (Liang Shu, in Lily Chow)
On the organization of the country:
- "An emperor, or a main chief, with the help of several officials, governed the country. The majority of people were law-abiding citizens. The country had no army or military defense (Ch:無城郭.有文字,以扶桑皮為紙.無兵甲,不攻戰) but two jails, one in north and the other in south of the country. Those who had committed serious crimes were sent to the north and they stayed there for their entire lives. These inmates, however, could get married. If they got married and produced children, their sons became slaves and daughters remained as maids" (Liang Shu, in Lily Chow)
On the social practices:
- "The marriage arrangement was relatively simple. If a boy wanted to marry a girl, he had to build a cabin next to the home of the girl and stay there for a year. If the girl liked him they would get married; otherwise he would be asked to go away.…When a person died in the community his body would be cremated. The mourning period varied from seven days for the death of a parent to five days for a grandparent and three days for a brother or sister. During their mourning period they were not supposed to consume food, only water. They had no religion." (Liang Shu, in Lily Chow)
The Liang Shu also describes the conversion of Fusang to the Buddhist faith by five Buddhist monks from Gandhara:
- "In former times, the people of Fusang knew nothing of the Buddhist religion, but in the second year of Da Ming of the Song dynasty (CE 485), five monks from Kipin (Kabul region of Gandhara) travelled by ship to that country. They propagated Buddhist doctrine, circulated scriptures and drawings, and advised the people to relinquish worldly attachments. As a result, the customs of Fusang changed" (Ch:"其俗舊無佛法,宋大明二年,罽賓國嘗有比丘五人游行至其國,流通佛法,經像,教令出家,風 俗遂改.", Liang Shu, 7th century CE).
See also: Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
[edit] Notes
- ^ The Book of Liang on the Wa:
倭 者 , 自 云 太 伯 之 後 。 俗 皆 文 身 。 去 帶 方 萬 二 千餘 里 , 大 抵 在 會 稽 之 東 , 相 去 絕 遠 。 從 帶 方 至 倭 , 循 海水 行 , 歷 韓 國 , 乍 東 乍 南 , 七 千 餘 里 始 度 一 海 。 海 闊 千餘 里 , 名 瀚 海 , 至 一 支 國 。 又 度 一 海 千 餘 里 , 名 未 盧 國。 又 東 南 陸 行 五 百 里 , 至 伊 都 國 。 又 東 南 行 百 里 , 至 奴國 。 又 東 行 百 里 , 至 不 彌 國 。 又 南 水 行 二 十 日 , 至 投 馬國 。 又 南 水 行 十 日 , 陸 行 一 月 日 , 至 邪 馬 臺 國 , 〔 二 九〕 即 倭 王 所 居 。 其 官 有 伊 支 馬 , 次 曰 彌 馬 獲 支 , 次 曰 奴往 鞮 。 民 種 禾 稻 紵 麻 , 蠶 桑 織 績 。 有 薑 、 桂 、 橘 、 椒 、蘇 。 出 黑 雉 、 真 珠 、 青 玉 。 有 獸 如 牛 , 名 山 鼠 。 又 有 大蛇 吞 此 獸 。 蛇 皮 堅 不 可 斫 , 其 上 有 孔 , 乍 開 乍 閉 , 時 或有 光 , 射 之 中 , 蛇 則 死 矣 。 物 產 略 與 儋 耳 、 朱 崖 同 。 地溫 暖 , 風 俗 不 淫 。 男 女 皆 露 紒 。 富 貴 者 以 錦 繡 雜 采 為 帽, 似 中 國 胡 公 頭 。 食 飲 用 籩 豆 。 其 死 , 有 棺 無 槨 , 封 土作 冢 。 人 性 皆 嗜 酒 。 俗 不 知 正 歲 , 多 壽 考 , 多 至 八 九 十, 或 至 百 歲 。 其 俗 女 多 男 少 , 貴 者 至 四 五 妻 , 賤 者 猶 兩三 妻 。 婦 人 無 婬 妒 。 無 盜 竊 , 少 諍 訟 。 若 犯 法 , 輕 者 沒其 妻 子 , 重 則 滅 其 宗 族 。 漢 靈 帝 光 和 中 , 倭 國 亂 , 相 攻 伐 歷 年 , 乃 共 立 一女 子 卑 彌 呼 為 王 。 彌 呼 無 夫 婿 , 挾 鬼 道 , 能 惑 眾 , 故 國人 立 之 。 有 男 弟 佐 治 國 。 自 為 王 , 少 有 見 者 , 以 婢 千 人自 侍 , 唯 使 一 男 子 出 入 傳 教 令 。 所 處 宮 室 , 常 有 兵 守 衛。 至 魏 景 初 三 年 , 公 孫 淵 誅 後 , 卑 彌 呼 始 遣 使 朝 貢 , 魏以 為 親 魏 王 , 假 金 印 紫 綬 。 正 始 中 , 卑 彌 呼 死 , 更 立 男王 , 國 中 不 服 , 更 相 誅 殺 , 復 立 卑 彌 呼 宗 女 臺 與 為 王 。其 後 復 立 男 王 , 並 受 中 國 爵 命 。 晉 安 帝 時 , 有 倭 王 贊 。贊 死 , 立 弟 彌 。 彌 死 , 立 子 濟 。 濟 死 , 立 子 興 。 興 死 ,立 弟 武 。 齊 建 元 中 , 除 武 持 節 、 督 倭 新 羅 任 那 伽 羅 秦 韓慕 韓 六 國 諸 軍 事 、 鎮 東 大 將 軍 。 高 祖 即 位 , 進 武 號 征 東大 將 軍 。 〔 三 0 〕 - ^ The Book of Liang on Fusang:
扶 桑 國 者 , 齊 永 元 元 年 , 其 國 有 沙 門 慧 深 來 至 荊州 , 說 云 : 「 扶 桑 在 大 漢 國 東 二 萬 餘 里 , 地 在 中 國 之 東, 其 土 多 扶 桑 木 , 故 以 為 名 。 扶 桑 葉 似 桐 , 而 初 生 如 ,國 人 食 之 , 實 如 梨 而 赤 , 績 其 皮 為 布 以 為 衣 , 亦 以 為 綿。 作 板 屋 。 無 城 郭 。 有 文 字 , 以 扶 桑 皮 為 紙 。 無 兵 甲 ,不 攻 戰 。 其 國 法 , 有 南 北 獄 。 若 犯 輕 者 入 南 獄 , 重 罪 者入 北 獄 。 有 赦 則 赦 南 獄 , 不 赦 北 獄 。 在 北 獄 者 , 男 女 相配 , 生 男 八 歲 為 奴 , 生 女 九 歲 為 婢 。 犯 罪 之 身 , 至 死 不出 。 貴 人 有 罪 , 國 乃 大 會 , 坐 罪 人 於 坑 , 對 之 宴 飲 , 分訣 若 死 別 焉 。 以 灰 繞 之 , 其 一 重 則 一 身 屏 退 , 二 重 則 及子 孫 , 三 重 則 及 七 世 。 名 國 王 為 乙 祁 ; 貴 人 第 一 者 為 大對 盧 , 第 二 者 為 小 對 盧 , 第 三 者 為 納 咄 沙 。 國 王 行 有 鼓角 導 從 。 其 衣 色 隨 年 改 易 , 甲 乙 年 青 , 丙 丁 年 赤 , 戊 己年 黃 , 庚 辛 年 白 , 壬 癸 年 黑 。 有 牛 角 甚 長 , 以 角 載 物 ,至 勝 二 十 斛 。 車 有 馬 車 、 牛 車 、 鹿 車 。 國 人 養 鹿 , 如 中國 畜 牛 。 以 乳 為 酪 。 有 桑 梨 , 經 年 不 壞 。 多 蒲 桃 。 其 地無 鐵 有 銅 , 不 貴 金 銀 。 市 無 租 估 。 其 婚 姻 , 婿 往 女 家 門外 作 屋 , 晨 夕 灑 掃 , 經 年 而 女 不 悅 , 即 驅 之 , 相 悅 乃 成婚 。 婚 禮 大 抵 與 中 國 同 。 親 喪 , 七 日 不 食 ; 祖 父 母 喪 ,五 日 不 食 ; 兄 弟 伯 叔 姑 姊 妹 , 三 日 不 食 。 設 靈 為 神 像 ,朝 夕 拜 奠 , 不 制 縗 絰 。 嗣 王 立 , 三 年 不 視 國 事 。 其 俗 舊無 佛 法 , 宋 大 明 二 年 , 罽 賓 國 ([亦稱犍陀羅(Gandhara,今巴基斯坦西北、阿富汗東部)]) 嘗 有 比 丘 五 人 游 行 至 其 國, 流 通 佛 法 、 經 像 , 教 令 出 家 , 風 俗 遂 改 。 」
Hui Shan also says:
慧深又云:(Hui Shan also said:)「扶桑東千餘里有女國,(There was a women nation at a thousand some Chinese miles east of Fusang,) 容貌端正,(faces look decent,) 色甚潔白,(skin color clean and pale,) 身體有毛,(hairy skin) 髮長委地。(long hair touching groud.) 至二、三月,(Around February and March,) 競入水則任娠,(competed into water to get pregnant,) 六七月產子。(give birth in 6 to 7 months.) 女人胸前無乳,(women had no breast,) 項後生毛,(grew hair at the back of neck,) 根白,(white at root,) 毛中有汁,(juice in hair,) 以乳子,(used as milk to feed child,) 一百日能行,(started walking in 100 days,) 三四年則成人矣。(mature in 3 to 4 years.) 見人驚避,(ran away from strangers,) 偏畏丈夫。(especially scared of husband (man??)) 食鹹草如禽獸。(fed on salty grass like animals.) 鹹草葉似邪蒿,(salty grass leaves shaped like 邪蒿 Seseli libanotsis, or var. daucifolia) 而氣香味鹹。(had fragrance and salty taste.)」 天監六年,(In the sixth year of the 天監 reign i.e. 507 AD) 有晉安人渡海,(Sailors from 晉安 cross the ocean,) 為風所飄至一島,(drifted to an island by wind,) 登岸,(landed,) 有人居止。(inhabited by people.) 女則如中國,(Females looked like Chinese) 而言語不可曉;(unrecognizable language;) 男則人身而狗頭,(males looked like men with dog's head,) 其聲如吠。(sounded like barking.) 其食有小豆。(their food included tiny peas (or beans)) 其衣如布。(their garment seemed to be made of cloth) 築土為墻,(built earthen walls) 其形圓,(in round shapes) 其戶如竇云。(the doors looked like holes)
[edit] References
- "Chasing Their Dreams. Chinese Settlement in the Northwest Region of British Columbia" by Lily Chow, Harbour Publishing, ISBN 0-920576-83-4
- "The Discovery of America by Chinese Buddhist Priests in the Fifth Century", Leland, New York: Barnes & Noble, 1973.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- [1]
- [2]
- Description of Fusang in ancient Chinese literature 《梁書•五十四•列傳四十八》 in Big5 Chinese
Topics in Chinese mythology
|
|
General topics: | Creation myth · Astrology · Dragons · Religion in China · Folk religion ·List of deities · I Ching |
Important beings: | Deities · Three August Ones and Five Emperors · Eight Immortals |
Mythical creatures: | List of mythical creatures |
Mythical places: | Xuanpu · Yaochi · Fusang · Queqiao · Penglai · Longmen · Diyu |
Literary sources: | Shan Hai Jing · Shui Jing Zhu · Ten Brothers · Hei'an Zhuan · Fengshen Yanyi Journey to the West · Baishe Zhuan · Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio |