Fulldome

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Fulldome is used to refer to immersive dome-based video projection environments. The dome, horizontal or tilted, is filled with real-time (interactive) or pre-rendered (linear) computer animations, live capture images, or composited environments.

Although the current technology emerged in the early-to-mid 1990s, fulldome environments have evolved from numerous influences, including immersive art and storytelling, with technological roots in domed architecture, planetariums, multi-projector film environments, flight simulation, and virtual reality.

Initial approaches to moving fulldome imagery used wide-angle lenses, both 35 and 70 mm filmstock, but the expense and ungainly nature of the film medium prevented much progress; furthermore, film formats such as Omnimax did not cover the full two pi steradians of the dome surface, leaving a section of the dome blank (though, due to seating arrangements, that part of the dome was not seen by most viewers). Later approaches to fulldome utilized monochromatic vector graphics systems projected through a fisheye lens. Contemporary configurations employ raster video projectors, either singly or grouped together to cover the dome surface with full-color images and animations.

1 Fulldome Video Technology
- 1.1 Single- versus Multiple-Projector Systems
- 1.2 Common Video Projector Technology
2 Links to Fulldome Resources
3 History
- 3.1 Historic Influences
- 3.2 Fulldome Video History
4 Fulldome Applications

[edit] Fulldome Video Technology

Fulldome video projection can use a variety of technologies in two typical formats: single- and multiple-projector systems. The individual projector(s) can be driven by a variety of video sources, typically feeding material rendered in either real-time or “pre-rendered” modes. The end result is a video image that covers an entire domed projection surface, yielding an immersive experience that fills a viewer’s field of view.

[edit] Single- versus Multiple-Projector Systems

Single-projector fulldome video systems use a single (or muxed) video source displayed through a single fisheye lens, typically located at or near the center of a hemispherical projection surface. A single projector has the benefit of avoiding edge blends (see below) between multiple projectors. A disadvantage of central projectors is the loss of the center of the dome for optimal viewing of the reconstructed perspective view provided by true hemispheric projection, a problem shared with traditional Planetarium projectors. High quality hemispheric projection lenses are very expensive and operate at the practical limits of optical performance needed for high resolution full dome coverage.

Multiple-projector fulldome video systems rely on two or more video projectors edge-blended to create a seamless image that covers a hemispherical projection surface; splitting the entire image up into segments allows for higher-resolution imagery and projector placement that does not intrude on the viewing area underneath the dome. A disadvantage of multiple projection is the need to frequently adjust the alignment of projectors and the uneven aging of separate projectors leading to brightness differences between segments. Even minor performance differences between projectors can be obvious whan projecting a solid color across the entire scene.

[edit] Common Video Projector Technology

A wide variety of video projection technologies has been employed in domes, including Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), Digital Light Processing (DLP), Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCOS), and most recently, two varieties of laser projectors (the laser video projector entry describes one version of the technology).

For multi-projector systems in particular, display devices must have a low black level (i.e., project little or no light when no signal is sent to them) to allow for reasonable edge-blending between the different projector footprints. Otherwise, overlapping video images will have an additive effect, causing a complex pattern of grey to appear even when no image is being projected. This becomes particularly important for users in the planetarium field, who have a vested interest in projecting a dark night sky. The desire for projectors to “go to black” has resulted in continued use of CRT technology, even as newer and less expensive technologies have emerged.

LCD projectors have fundamental limits on their ability to project true black as well as light, which has tended to limit their use in planetariums. LCOS and modified LCOS projectors have improved on LCD contrast ratios while also eliminating the “screen door” effect of small gaps between LCD pixels. “Dark chip” DLP projectors improve on the standard DLP design and can offer relatively inexpensive solution with bright images, but the black level requires physical baffling of the projectors. As the technology matures and reduces in price, laser projection looks promising for dome projection as it offers bright images, large dynamic range and a very wide color space.

[edit] Links to Fulldome Resources

[edit] Discussion Groups

[edit] Events

[edit] Tools and Tutorials

Hue Walker's Fulldome Tutorial
Paul Bourke's Projection Pages
Spitz Reference Collection
Loch Ness Productions list of Fulldome Web Resources

[edit] History

[edit] Historic Influences

1500 B.C.E.	Egyptian tomb of Senenmut—earliest known depiction of the sky
500 B.C.E.	“The Dome of Heaven”—oldest known domed building built by the Etruscans
370 B.C.E.	Farnese Atlas, probably the oldest preserved globe is now at the National Museum of Naples. The statue of Atlas is dated 73 BCE. The position of the constellation figures to the globe's equinox date the globe itself to 370 BCE. Two other celestial globes believed to date from Classical times are the Kugel globe, and the Mainz globe.
360 B.C.E.	Greek philosopher Plato discusses his Allegory of the Cave, in which most humans perceive reality as shadows from projections on the inside of an enclosed space. It is by looking at these projected shadows of objects (and not the objects themselves) that most people try to best understand the world.
250 B.C.E.	Archimedes first to demonstrate a cast-metal globe showing the motions of the planets. After he was killed by invading Romans, the device was taken to Rome as booty where it was seen and described by Cicero. Later, Ptolemy’s globe is alleged to have even demonstrated the precession of the equinoxes.
50 B.C.E.	The Hathor temple at Dendera dates from Ptolemaic times, probably the first century BCE. The temple contains two well-known, but slightly different representations of the heavens. There is a round zodiac ceiling and a square zodiac in the outer hypostyle hall. The round zodiac ceiling shows the whole sky as it was understood by both Greek and Egyptian cultures.
62 C.E.	The Golden House of Nero includes a dome rotating with the sky.
124 C.E.	Roman Pantheon constructed
150 C.E.	Ptolemy’s Celestial Globe. No globe has been found, but detailed notes its on construction have.
531 C.E.	“Palace of Chosros” at Ctesiphon, near modern Baghdad, Iraq, whose massive 85-foot-high brick arch was said to be painted with stars against a blue background, indicating the zodiac.
1584	Celestial Globe of Tycho Brahe. Covered with brass and a wood interior measuring six feet in diameter. Destroyed by fire in 1728, the outer surface was divided by circles to show degrees and minutes and stars visible with the naked eye. A disadvantage to earlier globes was that they showed the sky in reverse, the observer could only view the stars as seen outside the planetsphere.
1654	Goftorp Globe. Constructed in the middle 17th century it was about 4 meters in diameter, weighed over three tons, and could seat several persons inside on a circular bench. The stars were holes in the globe. Rebuilt 1748-52.
1700s	Navajo 'Star Ceilings' painted by hand and with 'paint arrows' on overhanging cliff faces in Canyon De Chelly
1846	Carl Zeiss Company founded. Zeiss produced microscopes in his home workshop. Later collaboration with Ernst Abbe resulted in the first optical instruments produced from theory and plans, rather than from trial and error. Later still, Otto Schott, a glassmaker, introduced a process for producing good quality optical glass reliably, and the company established its reputation as a maker of high-quality optical goods.
1900	Paris exposition includes a simulated balloon ride over Paris, filmed in an actual balloon with ten synchronized cameras and projected onto a 360-degree wraparound screen with ten 70-mm film projectors. The process is patented in 1897 under the name Cinéorama
1903	Deutsches Museum, a new institution devoted to science and technology, was the brainchild of Oskar von Miller. 1906 saw the preliminary opening in temporary quarters. The museum eventually was given the beautiful island in the Isar River as its new home in Munich, but the opening planned for 1916 was postponed due to the war. The fully constructed museum finally opened in 1925.
1912	Orbitoscope invented by Prof. E. Hindermann in Basel. (Note: This instrument is driven by springworks and has two planets revolving about a central Sun. A small light bulb on one of the planets projects shadows of the other two objects in the directions they would be seen from that planet, reproducing accurately the retrograde loops and speed changes. This ingenious device is useful for instruction, but of course had many shortcomings)
1913	Atwood Globe built in the Museum of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. With a diameter of almost five meters the Atwood globe shows 692 stars, and a moveable light bulb represents the Sun. Apertures along the ecliptic, which can be uncovered as necessary, represent the planets.
	The idea of realistically reproducing the sky in detail is due to astronomer (and then privy counselor) Max Wolf. He was involved with the Deutsches Museum. Wolf had suggested to von Miller the idea of a device for his museum which would reproduce not only the stars but also the planetary motions. Von Miller approached the well-known optical firm of Carl Zeiss in Jena, and they agreed to look into the problem.
1919	Walther Bauersfeld, chief design engineer and later director of Carl Zeiss, hit upon the idea of projection of the celestial objects in a dark room. The original plan had been for some sort of globe similar to that of Gottorp. The new idea simplified things immensely. The mechanism could be on a small scale and easily controllable. Five years of calculations and trials were needed to bring this idea to fruition. Five years, in which Bauersfeld and a large staff of scientists, engineers, and draftsmen considered the astronomical principles involved and the mechanical devices which would realize them. They constructed star plates of film with images of 4500 stars. They found ways of interconnecting the daily and annual motion drives so the planets would stay in proper relative positions. In short they invented the modern projection planetarium.
1923	The “Wonder of Jena” had its first unofficial showings in the 16-meter dome was set up on the roof of the Zeiss factory in Jena, using the first Model I star projector.
	The Zeiss Mark I was taken down and shipped to the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany, where it was installed in a 10-meter dome, becoming the first planetarium.
	Elis Stromgren wrote: “Never before was an instrument created which is so instructive as this; never before one so bewitching; and never before did an instrument speak so directly to the beholder. The machine itself is precious and aristocratic… The planetarium is school, theater, and cinema in one classroom under the eternal dome of the sky.”
1925	World premiere of the “Wonder of Jena” (Das Wunder von Jena) at the Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany
1927	First planetarium built outside Germany, a temporary installation in Vienna
1928	The Rome planetarium opened
1929	The Moscow planetarium opened
1930	Five new planetariums, including ones in Stockholm, Milan, Hamburg, a new one for Vienna, and the first outside of Europe. In 1928, Max Adler, a Chicago philanthropist, heard of the “Wonder of Jena” and took his wife and an architect to Germany to see it. He was so impressed, he donated to his home city the first planetarium in the Americas. On May 12, 1930, the Adler Planetarium greeted its first visitors.
1935	The planetarium at Griffith Observatory opened on May 14 and the Hayden Planetarium on October 2. During these years, other instruments began to show the sky in Sweden, Belgium, and Holland. Except for the latter, all were Zeiss Mark IIs.
1937	Osaka planetarium opens
1938	Tokyo planetarium opens
1944	The only large planetarium installation by the Carl Zeiss Company was in Goteborg, Sweden. The Mark II projector was removed to the Morehead Planetarium in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A., in 1949.
1949	Spitz Laboratories was founded, first in an old factory building and then in an old theater. The first Spitz projector was demonstrated to a meeting of astronomers at Harvard College Observatory in the late-1940s. As the enterprise grew, they later moved to an old snuff factory in Yorklyn, Delaware, and are now located in a spacious new factory in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. The company has changed its corporate ownership several times in its brief history and is now owned by Evans & Sutherland.
1952	After the war neither of Zeiss’s two main factories in Oberkochen and Jena were capable of building a planetarium projector. Because of this, the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco commissioned a comparable, one-of-a-kind projector for the Morrison Planetarium. After four years of design and construction, it was opened on November 6.
1957	Vortex: Experiments in Sound and Light produced by filmmaker Jordan Belson and sound artist Henry Jacobs at the Morrison Planetarium in San Francisco, California. Lasting until 1959, these audio-visual lightshows consist of Belson programming kinetic live abstract visuals and Jacobs programming electronic music and audio experiments ^[1]
1959	Seizo Goto, a leading Japanese industrialist, used the expertise of his company in the field of telescopes to produce the first Goto planetarium. After trials in Japan, the first Goto in the United States filled the sky with stars in Bridgeport, Connecticut, on January 20, 1962. The Goto company was actually the first to produce a small projector which included planetary motions. Many Goto instruments have since been installed all over the world, a large number in the U.S.A.
1962	The first 70mm dome projection was the film Journey to the Stars at the Seattle World's Fair. This was in the first Cinerama 360 process using ASA Type I film with a 2 1/4 inch diameter frame. The lens for this process was patented by the same man that patented the fisheye lens for the Vista-Dome format.
1963	Fleischmann Atmospherium Planetarium was built on the University of Nevada-Reno campus. It was the first planetarium in the nation to feature a 360-degree projector capable of providing horizon-to-horizon images and through time-lapse photography showing an entire day’s weather in a few minutes.
	Stan Vanderbeek creates dome-based media art installations using multiple film projectors in his Movie-Drome
1964	To the Moon and Beyond Cinerama 360 film premieres on the 80-foot Spacearium dome at the 1964 New York World’s Fair. It was produced by Graphic Films Corporation for Cinerama, Inc. and Rod Serling narrates the film.
1965	Minolta Company of Japan, known for high-quality cameras and optics, made some tentative entries into the field in the mid-1960's. Their first planetarium was at DeAnza College in California. By the late 1960's, Minolta had decided to officially enter the planetarium business.
1967	Jeffrey Shaw’s Corpocinema performance incorporated large air-inflated transparent PVC dome onto which film and slides were projected from outside in Rotterdam and Amsterdam
	Roger Ferragallo's Total Environment Learning Laboratory (TELL) was conceived as a domed environment for the teaching. The model embraced a hemispheric screen, 14 screens for multiple projection (planar, stereo, film, TV), surround & point to point traveling sound, climate effects, olfactory delivery, total light-color control & hydraulic audience platform. (B. Lamar Johnson, Islands of Innovation Expanding, Glenco Press, 1968)
1973	The first Omnimax 70-mm film-based fisheye projection theater (later called the Imax Dome) opens at the Reuben H. Fleet Science Center in San Diego, California, U.S.A. The first program was the combination of Voyage to the Outer Planets and Garden Isle. Garden Isle was a pure Omnimax film about the island of Kawaii. Voyage to the Outer Planets was a multimedia presentation with starball projection, planet and effects projectors, Omnimax sequences and a 5-perf 70mm sequence. The Omnimax sequences for this title were photographed in 8-perf 65mm and blown up to 15-perf 70mm for projection. The camera used the same lens that was used for Cinerama 360. Other Omnimax titles that would eventually be produced include are Standing Up Country, Viva Baja, Cosmos: The Universe Of Loren Eisley, Rivers of North America, Ocean, Alfa 78, Genesis, The Great Barrier Reef, Tomorrow in Space, The Magic Egg, We Are Born of Stars (in Omnimax 3D), and Echoes of the Sun (in IMAX Solido). Simulator rides using Omnimax include Back to the Future - The Ride, Race for Atlantis and Soaring Over California (in an inverted dome).

[edit] Fulldome Video History

1983	First Evans & Sutherland Digistar I calligraphic scan (projection of light points and lines - also known as vector scan) planetarium projector at the Science Museum of Virginia in Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A.
1992	First dome-based vector/calligraphic scan scientific visualization system at SIGGRAPH, installed by the North Carolina Supercomputing Center using a reprogrammed Digistar I for molecular visualization
1994	Alternate Realities Corporation premieres their first VisionDome prototype at Glaxo Inc. in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, U.S.A. Developed at the North Carolina Supercomputing Center, the VisionDome uses a raster scan projector (full color video) and fisheye lens to project interactive 3D graphics onto a 5 meter dome. ^[2]
1995	First Evans & Sutherland Digistar II calligraphic scan planetarium projector opens at the London Planetarium, UK
	British Telecom uses a vertical five-meter Alternate Realities Corporation VisonDome for its “Shared Spaces” media environment research programme, incorporating computer graphics, virtual landscapes, data graphics, video, composited live action. and spatialized sound. ^[3]
1996	July 13-19: First Goto Virtuarium demonstrated at the International Planetarium Society Conference in Osaka, Japan
	October 26-29: Evans & Sutherland StarRider demonstrated at ASTC in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
1998	May 22 - September 30: The Oceania pavilion opens at the EXPO 98 in Lisbon, Portugal. Among numerous virtual reality exhibits, it includes The Artefact Room, a 7-metre dome VisionDome theater with interactive 3D animations of a fly-through of Atlantis that are controlled by 40 participants simultaneously. ^[4]
	June 28 - July 2: Sky-Skan premieres SkyVision at the International Planetarium Society Conference in London, UK. First astronomical digital fulldome animation shown to audiences there, “Pillars of Creation” by Don Davis, as well as a Space Station animation by Home Run Pictures.
	December: Vertical dome installation by SGI and Trimension at University of Teesside, UK. ^[5]
1999	Adler Planetarium reopens in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A., with an Evans & Sutherland StarRider system
	Evans & Sutherland premiers their first linear playback show "We Take You There" at SIGGRAPH '99
2000	Hayden Planetarium reopens at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, New York, U.S.A., with a Silicon Graphics Onyx 2 and Trimension video system
2003	Clark Planetarium (formerly Hansen Planetarium) reopens in Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A., with an Evans & Sutherland Digistar 3
	Adler Planetarium upgrades their StarRider to the new Evans & Sutherland Digistar 3 system. The mini-dome also opens in their production department running both the Digistar 3 SP and Producer systems.
	The first digital planetarium systems designed for the portable market are introduced independently by Digitalis Education Solutions and Sky-Skan.
2004	First DomeFest held at the LodeStar Astronomy Center in Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.A.
	December: Beijing Planetarium opens with the first fulldome laser display (Zeiss ADLIP)
2005	GOTO installs the first complete fulldome sphere at EXPO 2005 in Aichi, Japan