Friar

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This article is about the religious order. For the surname, see Fryer (surname).

A friar is a member of a Roman Catholic religious mendicant order of men, that is, an order primarily supported by charity. Most friars are either Augustinians, Carmelites, Dominicans, or Franciscans.

Contents 1 Friars and monks 2 Name 3 Orders 3.1 Four great orders 3.2 Lesser orders 4 References

[edit] Friars and monks

Friars differ from monks in that they are called to a life of poverty in service to a community, rather than cloistered asceticism and devotion. Whereas monks live cloistered away from the world in a self-sufficient community, friars are supported by donations or other charitable support.^[1]

Though Theravada Buddhist bhikkhus who live a monastic life are generally called "monks", "friars" may be a more appropriate English translation.

[edit] Name

The name "Friar" is a corruption of the French word frère ("brother" in English), and dates from the 13th century. The French word "frère" in turn comes from the Latin word frater, which also means "brother".

St. Francis of Assisi called his followers fratres minores, which G. K. Chesterton translated as "little brothers". However, another interpretation of fratres minores is "lesser brothers", because the Franciscan order stressed minority or humility.

[edit] Orders

There are two classes of orders known as friars; the four "great orders" (Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinians, Carmelites) and the so-called "lesser orders".

[edit] Four great orders

The four great orders were mentioned by the Second Council of Lyons, and are:

• The Dominicans, founded ca. 1215. The Dominicans are also known as the "Friar Preachers", or the "Black Friars", from the black mantle ("cappa") worn over their white habit. The Dominicans were founded by St. Dominic and received papal approval from Honorius III, in 1216 as the "Ordo Praedicatorum" under the Rule of St. Augustine. They became a mendicant order in 1221.
• The Franciscans, founded in 1209. The Franciscans are also known as the "Friars Minor" or the "Grey Friars". The Franciscans were founded by St. Francis of Assisi and received oral papal approval by Innocent III in 1209 and formal papal confirmation by Honorius III in 1223.
• The Carmelites, founded ca. 1155.^[2] The Carmelites are also known as the "White Friars" because of the white cloak which covers their brown habit. They received papal approval from Honorius III in 1226 and later by Innocent IV in 1247. The Carmelites were founded as a purely contemplative order, but became mendicants in 1245. There are two types of Carmelites, the Calced and Discalced Carmelites.
• The Augustinians, founded in 1255. The Augustinians are also known as the "Hermits of St. Augustine", or the "Austin Friars". Their rule is based on the writings of Augustine of Hippo. The Augustinians were assembled from various groups of hermits as a mendicant order by Alexander IV, from whom they obtained papal approval in 1255.

[edit] Lesser orders

The lesser orders are:

• the Minims, established in 1474
• the Third Order Regular of St. Francis,^[3] established in 1521
• the Capuchin,^[4] established in 1525
• the Discalced Carmelites,^[5] established in 1568
• the Discalced Trinitarians, established in 1599
• the Order of Penance,^[6] established in 1781

[edit] References

1. ^ Catholic encyclopedia entry for "friar"
2. ^ The Carmelite order was founded around 1155 according to many modern historians, but this date is often disputed, and has been disputed since at least the 14th century.
3. ^ The Third Order Regular of St. Francis are a branch of the third order of St. Francis
4. ^ The Capuchin are a branch of the Franciscan Order
5. ^ The Discalced Carmelites are a branch of the Carmelites
6. ^ The Order of Penance is known in Italy as the Scalzetti