Free Zone (Western Sahara region)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

You have new messages (last change).
Sahrawi Republic

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Other countries · Politics Portal
view • talk • edit
Main article: Western Sahara

The Free Zone is a term used by the Polisario Front to describe the part of Western Sahara that lies to the east of the Moroccan berm and west and north of the borders with Algeria and Mauritania, respectively.

The area was established as a Polisario-held zone in a 1991 cease-fire between Polisario and Morocco, which had been agreed upon together with the Settlement Plan. Morocco similarly controls the areas west of the berm, including most of the territory's population. The cease-fire is overseen by the United Nation's MINURSO forces, charged with peacekeeping in the area and the organization of a referendum on independence.[1].

Contents

[edit] Status and Military Agreement 1

The status of Western Sahara is hotly disputed between Polisario and Morocco, and this includes the titles used to refer to areas under the control of the different sides.

Morocco routinely refers to the Polisario-held region as a "buffer zone", or "buffer strip", and claims that Polisario forces are not allowed entry.[1][2] This, however, does not correspond to the provisions of the agreement regulating the territory's status, which Morocco signed in 1991, as the "buffer strip" is only a slim portion of the entire territory. Similarly, Polisario term the areas a "liberated territory" or the "free zone", but this is not an official designation. The UN calls it simply "east of the berm", and refers to territories under Moroccan control as "west of the berm", thus giving sanction to the claims of neither party.

According to the Settlement Plan, the movement of Polisario fighters is restricted similarly to how Moroccan forces face restrictions on their side of the berm. The MINURSO details details the following restrictions for the different zones:

  • One 5 km wide Buffer Strip (BS) to the South and East side of the Berm;
  • Two 30 km wide Restricted Areas(RA) along the Berm. The Buffer Strip is included in the Restricted Area on the POLISARIO side and the Berm is included in the Restricted Area on the RMA side;
  • Two Areas with Limited Restrictions (ALR), which are the two remaining vast, stretches of land of Western Sahara on both sides respectively.
Each one of the five parts has specific restrictions as for the two parties’ military activities:
  • Buffer Strip: No entry of RMA and FPOL personnel and equipment, by ground or air. No firing of weapons in or over the area.
  • Restricted Areas: No firing of weapons and/or military training exercises, with the exception of physical training activities of unarmed personnel. No tactical reinforcements, no redeployment or movement of troops, headquarters/units, stores, equipment, ammunition, weapons, no entry of military aircrafts and no improvements of defence infrastructures. Some exceptions apply and some activities are allowed after prior information to or approval by MINURSO (Note: these are restrictions in brief, for detailed information please read the MA#1 in full).
  • Areas with Limited Restrictions: All normal military activities can be carried out with the exception of the reinforcement of existing minefields, the laying of mines, the concentration of forces, the construction of new headquarters, barracks and ammunition storage facilities. MINURSO need to be informed if the parties intend to conduct military exercises, including the firing of weapons of a calibre above 9 mm.
The 'Free Zone' is in yellow on the map. The berm follows the line between the grey and yellow areas.
The 'Free Zone' is in yellow on the map. The berm follows the line between the grey and yellow areas.

[edit] Conditions and activities in the area

Access is restricted, even among Sahrawis, due to the harsh climate of the Sahara, the military conflict and the abundance of land mines.[2] Still, the area is traveled and inhabited by many Sahrawi nomads from the Tindouf refugee camps of Algeria and the Sahrawi communities in Mauritania.

Major Sahrawi political events, such as Polisario congresses and sessions of the Sahrawi National Council (the SADR parliament in exile) are held in the Free Zone (especially in Tifariti and Bir Lehlou), since it is considered politically and symbolically important to conduct political affairs on Sahrawi territory.

[edit] Polisario Force strength

The Polisario troops (of the Sahrawi People's Liberation Army, SPLA) in the area are divided into seven "military regions", each controlled by a top commander reporting to the President of the Polisario proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic[3]. The total size of the Polisario's guerrilla army present in this area is approximately two thousand men, with additional combantants stationed in Algeria, Mauritania or having been demobilized due to the cease-fire[4]. These forces are dug into permanent positions, such as gun emplacements, defensive trenches and underground military bases, as well as conducting mobile patrols of the territory.[5]

[edit] Incidents in the area

A concentration of forces for the commemoration of the Saharawi Republic’s 30th anniversary [6] were however subject to reproach by the United Nations[7], as it was considered an example of a cease-fire violation to bring such a large force concentration into the area.

Minurso reports that there are on average 2-4 such violations in the whole Western Sahara territory each month, between the two sides. In addition to this, there are several more violations related to local commanders on both sides refusing the inspection of their forces by Minurso personnel. As an example, the mission homepage quotes the month of June 2006, when there were "189 such FMO [freedom of movement]-violations, all related to the denial of UNMO [UN military officers] entry into the parties’ strong-points and units."[3] Despite these minor breaches, there has to date been no serious hostile action from either side since 1991, and both sides of the the berm are considered calm by peacekeeping standards.

Annual demonstrations against the Moroccan Wall are staged in the region by Sahrawis and international activists from Spain, Italy and other mainly European countries. These actions are closely monitored by the UN.[8]

Tifariti, in the northeast Free Zone, 2005
Tifariti, in the northeast Free Zone, 2005

[edit] External links

  • United Nations (Map) Minurso Deployment as of October 2006, Map No. 3691 Rev. 53 United Nations, October 2006 (Colour), Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Cartographic Section

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/minurso/ MINURSO homepage Accessed May 21, 2006
  2. ^ Landmine Action UK, “Explosive Ordnance Disposal and technical survey in Polisario-controlled areas of Western Sahara,” Project proposal, February 2006, p. 2 - 4, quoted in Land Mine Report, Western Sahara, http://www.icbl.org/lm/2006/western_sahara.html#fn16 , footnote 15 and 17
  3. ^
  4. ^ http://www.arso.org/bhatia2001.htm Western Sahara under Polisario Control: Summary Report of Field Mission to the Sahrawi Refugee Camps (near Tindouf, Algeria) by Michael Bhatia, 2001
  5. ^
  6. ^ http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e270206.html Commemoration of the Saharawi Republic’s 30th anniversary in liberated territories of Western Sahara Sahara Press Service, February 27, 2006
  7. ^ http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/310/51/PDF/N0631051.pdf?OpenElement Secretary General's report to Security Council on Western Sahara , 19 April 2006
  8. ^ http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/310/51/PDF/N0631051.pdf?OpenElement Secretary General's report to Security Council on Western Sahara , 19 April 2006 (pdf file)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org../../../f/r/e/Free_Zone_%28Western_Sahara_region%29_a5ab.html"