Francis Garnier

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Francis Garnier on a 1943 stamp of Indochina

Marie Joseph François (Francis) Garnier (25 July 1835 - 21 December 1873) was a French officer and explorer known for his exploration of the Mekong River in Southeast Asia.

He was born at St. Etienne. He entered the French Navy, and after voyaging in Brazilian waters and the Pacific he obtained a post on the staff of Admiral Charner, who from 1860 to 1862 was campaigning in Cochin China.

After some time spent in France he returned to the East, and in 1862 he was appointed inspector of the natives in Cochin China, and entrusted with the administration of Cholon, a suburb of Saigon. It was at his suggestion that the marquis de Chasseloup-Laubat determined to send a mission to explore the valley of the Mekong River, but as Garnier was not considered old enough to be put in command, the chief authority was entrusted to Captain Ernest Doudard de Lagrée. In the course of the expedition - to quote the words of Sir Roderick Murchison addressed to the youthful traveller when, in 1870, he was presented with the Victoria Medal of the Royal Geographical Society of London - "from Kratie in Cambodia to Shanghai 5392 mi were traversed, and of these 3625 mi, chiefly of country unknown to European geography, were surveyed with care, and the positions fixed by astronomical observations, nearly the whole of the observations being taken by Garnier himself".

Volunteering to lead a detachment to Dali, the capital of Sultan Suleiman, the sovereign of the Muslim rebels in Yunnan, he successfully carried out the more-than-adventurous enterprise. When shortly afterwards Lagree died, Garnier naturally assumed the command of the expedition, and he conducted it in safety to the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang), and thus to the Chinese coast. On his return to France he was received with enthusiasm. The preparation of his narrative was interrupted by the Franco-Prussian War, and during the siege of Paris he served as principal staff officer to the admiral in command of the eighth sector. His experiences during the siege were published anonymously in the feuilleton of Le Temps, and appeared separately as Le Siege de Paris, journal d'un officier de marine (1871).

Returning to Cochin China he found the political circumstances of the country unfavourable to further exploration, and accordingly he went to China, and in 1873 followed the upper course of the Yangtze River to the waterfalls. He was next commissioned by Admiral Dupré, governor of Cochin China, to found a French protectorate or a new colony in Tonkin. On 20 November 1873 he took Hanoi, the capital of Tonkin, but a month later he was slain in a fight with the Black Flags. His death caused the French to abandon Hanoi after signing a treaty with the Vietnamese. The French took Hanoi again in 1882, but Garnier was blamed by the government for the disaster.

Garnier's chief fame rests on the fact that he originated the idea of exploring the Mekong, and carried out the larger portion of the work.

In 1943, French Indochina issued a postage stamp honoring Garnier.

[edit] See also

Henri Rivière

[edit] References

Baker, Daniel ed. Explorers and Discoverers of the World. Detroit: Gale Research, 1993
Milton Osborne, River Road to China: The Search for the Source of the Mekong, 1866-73 (Atlantic Monthly Press, 1999) ISBN 0-87113-752-6
Milton Osborne, "Francis Garnier (1839-1873), Explorer of the Mekong River", Explorers of South-east Asia, Six Lives, ed. Victor T. King, (Kuala Lumpur: OUP, 1995)
Milton Osborne, River Road to China: The Mekong River Expedition, 1866-1873 (London and New York, 1975)
The narrative of the principal expedition appeared in 1873, as Voyage d'exploration en Indo-Chine effectue pendant les annees 1866, 1867 et 1868, publie sous la direction de M. Francis Gamier, avec le concours de M. Delaporte et de MM. Joubert et Thorel (2 vols.) Only 800 copies were printed, and the original work is now rare.
Transl. Walter E. J. Tips:
- Travels in Cambodia and Part of Laos: the Mekong Exploration Commission report (1866-1868), volume 1 (White Lotus Press, 1996)
- A pictorial journey on the old Mekong: Cambodia, Laos and Yunnan: the Mekong Exploration Commission report (1866-1868), volume 3 (White Lotus Press, 1998)
An account of the Yang-tsze-Kiang from Garnier's pen is given in the Bulletin de la Soc. de Geog. (1874).
His Chronique royale du Cambodje, was reprinted from the Journal Asiatique in 1872.
Ocean Highways (1874) for a memoir by Colonel Yule
Hugh Clifford, Further India, in the Story of Exploration series (1904).
John Keay, Mad About The Mekong ISBN 0-00-711115-0