Fort Beauséjour
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| Fort Beauséjour | |
|---|---|
| Aulac, New Brunswick | |
 View of Fort Beausejour showing the foundation of the Officers Quarters in the foreground, the modern (1930s)museum in the middle ground, and Cumberland Basin in the background |
|
| Type | Fortress |
| Built | 1751 |
| In use | 1751- |
| Controlled by | France, United Kingdom |
Fort Beauséjour, also referred to as Fort Cumberland, is a National Historic Site located in Aulac, New Brunswick, Canada. It is approximately 8 kilometres east of the town of Sackville on a ridge overlooking the Tantramar Marshes.
The region comprising the Tantramar Marshes on the Isthmus of Chignecto had been settled by French colonists during the 17th and 18th centuries - giving the name Beaubassin to this part of Acadia. Following the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, the part of Acadia which is known today as peninsular Nova Scotia changed from French to British control, becoming the 14th British colony on the eastern seaboard and reverting to the name Nova Scotia used during British occupation.
The western limits between Nova Scotia and Acadia were not clear, although it was generally understood to be in the vicinity of Beaubassin. As tensions between France and Britain escalated in the 1740s, the territorial dispute over colonial limits became an important issue.
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[edit] Construction of Fort Lawrence
In 1750, a British Army expeditionary force under Major Charles Lawrence arrived at Beaubassin. The village was ordered burnt by a local French priest to ensure that the British could not profit from its seizure, however the British forces soon found they were outnumbered by Acadians and Mi'kmaq.
Lawrence's troops retreated but returned in September 1750 in greater numbers and began construction of a palisade fort on a ridge immediately east of the Missaguash River, believed to be the historic dividing line between Acadia and Nova Scotia since the Treaty of Utrecht was signed. The work on the fort proceeded rapidly and the facility was completed within weeks.
[edit] Construction of Fort Beauséjour
France retaliated to the construction of Fort Lawrence in November 1750 when the Governor of New France, Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière, Marquis de La Jonquière, ordered a fortress be built on the southern end of Beauséjour Ridge (present-day Aulac Ridge), 1.8 kilometres west of Fort Lawrence, facing the British fortification across the Missaguash River valley.
Work on the French fortress did not begin until the following spring, but by April 1751 construction was underway. When it was completed, Fort Beauséjour was a more substantial construction, given its earthworks. Together with Fort Beauséjour, Fort Lawrence guarded the frontier between French and British territory on the Isthmus of Chignecto until the Seven Years' War commenced in the middle part of the decade.
[edit] Attack on Fort Beauséjour
Fort Beauséjour was among the northernmost and easternmost of a series of French forts in North America which were built along the Mississippi and Ohio valleys and in the Great Lakes to contain British expansion into French territory. These defensive works are believed to have developed the "claustrophobic feeling"[citation needed] that American colonists on the eastern seaboard felt in being prevented westward expansion from the Appalachian Mountains, leading to the French and Indian War, and the downfall of France's colonial ambitions in North America.
On June 4, 1755 the British conquest of all of France's North American territory began when a force of British regulars and New England militia attacked Fort Beauséjour from Fort Lawrence under command of Lt. Col. Robert Monckton. The British-led force took control of Fort Beauséjour by June 16, 1755, after which they changed the name to Fort Cumberland.
[edit] Role in the Expulsion of the Acadians
In the ensuing months, British forces attempted to get Acadians living in the region to sign an oath of allegiance to the British Crown, however the Acadians refused, preferring to stay neutral. In August 1755, the British expulsion of the Acadians began under the orders of Governor of Nova Scotia, Charles Lawrence, the same military officer who had presided over construction of Fort Lawrence in 1750. This event was also known as the Great Upheaval (le Grand Dérangement) in Acadian society and it commenced with those remaining settlers in Beaubassin.
Acadian homes at Beaubasssin and elsewhere in the vicinity of the fort were burnt by British forces to prevent their return. As the British army was now using the more substantial facility at Fort Cumberland, the abandoned Fort Lawrence was burned on October 12, 1756 for this very reason.
[edit] Fort Cumberland
Under its new name of Fort Cumberland, the Beauséjour Ridge facility became a strategically important British facility, guarding the overland route to peninsular Nova Scotia, as well as the upper reaches of the Bay of Fundy. Following the Seven Years' War, all of Acadia was renamed Nova Scotia until parts were split off as separate colonies prior to and following the American Revolutionary War.
In 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, Fort Cumberland and its British garrison repelled rebel attacks from local guerillas led by the American sympathizer Jonathan Eddy.
[edit] Further reading
- Chris M. Hand, The Siege of Fort Beausejour 1755, 2004, Fredercton: Goose Lane Editions and the New Brunswick Military Heritage Project. ISBN 0-86492-377-5.
- Bernard Pothier, Battle for the Chignecto Forts, 1995, Toronto: Balimuir.
- Dr. John Clarence Webster, The Forts of Chignecto, 1930, self published.
- Dr. John Clarence Webster, Thomas Pynchon: The Spy of Beausejour, 1937, Sackville: Tribune Press.
- Dr. John Clarence Webster, The Building of Fort Lawrence in Chignecto, 1941, Saint John: New Brunswick Museum.
- Fred Anderson, Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754-1766, 2000, New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-3754-06425.
- Ernest Clarke, The Siege of Fort Cumberland, 1776, 1995. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press. ISBN 0-7735-1323-X.
