Flatulence

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Name of Symptom/Sign:
Flatulence
Classifications and external resources

ICD-10	R14
ICD-9	787.3

Flatulence (expelled through the anus in a processes commonly known as 'farting' or 'emitting gas') is the presence of a mixture of gases known as flatus in the digestive tract of mammals.

Contents 1 Explanation 2 Social considerations 3 Composition of flatus gases 4 Mechanism of action 5 Causes of flatus odor 6 Remedies 6.1 Dietary 6.2 Pharmacological 7 Health effects 7.1 Recording flatulence events 8 Environmental impact 9 Social context 10 Literature and the arts 11 Curiosities 12 See also 13 References 13.1 Nontechnical resources 14 External links

[edit] Explanation

Flatus is expelled under pressure through the anus, whereby, as a result of the voluntary or involuntary tensing of the anal sphincter, the rapid evacuation of gases from the lower intestine occurs. Depending upon the relative state of the sphincter (relaxed/tense) or the positioning of each buttock, this generally results in an audible crackling or trumpeting sound. The process may also result in a relatively silent and slow emission of odor, often deemed foul in character, resulting from the sensation of olfactory components such as skatole, indole, and sulfurous compounds.^[1]

[edit] Social considerations

While the act of farting is generally considered to be an unfortunate (but sometimes intentionally contrived) occurrence in public settings, a flatus may, in casual circumstances, be used as either a humorous supplement to a joke, or as a comic activity in and of itself. Usually accompanied by a distinct odor and sound, a process known informally as farting, or as passing gas. The non-odorous gases are mainly nitrogen (ingested), carbon dioxide (produced by aerobic microbes or ingested), and hydrogen (produced by some microbes and consumed by others), as well as lesser amounts of oxygen (ingested) and methane (produced by anaerobic microbes).^[2] Odors result from trace amounts of other components (often containing sulfur compounds, see below).

[edit] Composition of flatus gases

Nitrogen is the primary gas released. Methane and hydrogen, lesser components, are flammable, and so flatus is susceptible to catching fire. Not all humans produce flatus that contains methane. For example, in one study of the feces of nine adults, only five of the samples contained bacteria capable of producing methane^[3]. Similar results are found in samples of gas obtained from within the rectum.

The gas released during a flatus event frequently has a foul odor which mainly results from low molecular weight fatty acids such as butyric acid (rancid butter smell) and reduced sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide (rotten egg smell) and carbonyl sulfide that are the result of protein breakdown. The incidence of odoriferous compounds in flatus increases from herbivores, such as cattle, through omnivores to carnivorous species, such as cats or dogs. Flatulence odor can also be caused by the presence of large numbers of bacteria and/or the presence of feces in the anus.

[edit] Mechanism of action

The noises commonly associated with flatulence are caused by the vibration of the anal sphincter, and not by the buttocks. The sound varies depending on the tightness of the sphincter muscle and velocity of the gas being propelled, as well as other factors such as water and body fat. The auditory pitch (sound) of the flatulence outburst can also be affected by the anal embouchure. Among humans, farting sometimes happens accidentally, such as incidentally to coughing or sneezing; on other occasions, farting can be voluntarily elicited by tensing the rectum or "bearing down" and subsequently releasing the anal sphincter. Humans are also known to flatulate during sleep, largely due to the relaxed state of body muscles, which results in the average person flatulating about 20-60 times through any given night.^{[citation needed]}

Flatus is brought to the rectum via peristalsis, which also causes feces to descend from the large intestine, and may cause a similar feeling of urgency and discomfort. Nerve endings in the rectum usually enable individuals to distinguish between flatus and feces, although loose stool can confuse the individual, occasionally resulting in accidental defecation (also known as "following through", or "sharting", a compound word combining "shit" and "fart" — sometimes also called a "mush fart").

[edit] Causes of flatus odor

Intestinal gas is composed of varying quantities of exogenous sources (air that is ingested through the nose and mouth) and endogenous sources (gas produced within the digestive tract). The exogenous gases are swallowed (aerophagia) when eating or drinking or increased swallowing during times of excessive salivation (as might occur when nauseated or as the result of gastroesophageal reflux disease). The endogenous gases are produced either as a by-product of digesting certain types of food, or of incomplete digestion. Anything that causes food to be incompletely digested by the stomach and/or small intestine may cause flatulence when the material arrives in the large intestine due to fermentation by yeast or bacteria normally or abnormally present in the gastrointestinal tract.

Flatulence-producing foods are typically high in certain polysaccharides (especially oligosaccharides such as inulin) and include beans, lentils, milk, onions, radishes, sweet potatoes, cheese, cashews, Jerusalem artichokes, oats, yeast in breads, and other vegetables. Broccoli, cabbage and other cruciferous vegetables are commonly reputed to not only increase flatulence, but to increase the pungency of the flatus. In beans, endogenous gases seem to arise from complex oligosaccharides (carbohydrates) that are particularly resistant to digestion by mammals, but which are readily digestible by microorganisms that inhabit the digestive tract. These oligosaccharides pass through the upper intestine largely unchanged, and when they reach the lower intestine, bacteria feed on them, producing copious amounts of flatus^[4]. In the case of those with lactose intolerance, intestinal bacteria feeding on lactose can give rise to excessive gas production when milk or lactose-containing substances have been consumed.

Interest in the causes of flatulence was spurred by high-altitude flight and the space program; the low atmospheric pressure, confined conditions, and stresses peculiar to those endeavours were cause for concern.^[4]

[edit] Remedies

[edit] Dietary

Certain spices have been reported to counteract the production of intestinal gas, most notably cumin^{[citation needed]}, coriander^{[citation needed]}, caraway and the closely related ajwain, turmeric, asafoetida (hing), epazote, and kombu kelp (a Japanese seaweed)^{[citation needed]}. Many people report that by reducing intake of foods containing complex carbohydrates (such as rice, pasta, potatoes and bread), the amount of flatulence may decrease significantly^{[citation needed]}. The amount of water-soluble oligosaccharide in beans that may contribute to production of intestinal gas is reputed to be reduced by a long period of soaking followed by boiling^{[citation needed]}, but at a cost of also leaching out other water-soluble nutrients^{[citation needed]}. Also, intestinal gas can be reduced by fermenting the beans, and making them less gas-inducing, and/or by cooking them in the liquor from a previous batch^{[citation needed]}. Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum have recently been hypothesized as being responsible for this effect.^[5] Some legumes also stand up to prolonged cooking, which can help break down the oligosaccharides into simple sugars. Fermentation also breaks down oligosaccharides, which is why fermented bean products such as miso and tofu are less likely to produce as much intestinal gas^{[citation needed]}).

Probiotics (yogurt, kefir, etc.) are reputed to reduce flatulence when used to restore balance to the normal intestinal flora^{[citation needed]}. Yogurt contains Lactobacillus acidophilus which may be useful in reducing flatulence^{[citation needed]}). L. acidophilus may make the intestines more acidic, thus maintaining the natural balance of fermentation processes^{[citation needed]}. L. acidophilus is available in supplements (non-dairy is reputedly best^{[citation needed]}). Prebiotics, which generally are non-digestible oligosaccharides, such as fructooligosaccharide, generally increase flatulence in a similar way as described for lactose intolerance^{[citation needed]}.

Medicinal activated charcoal tablets have also been reported as effective in reducing both odor and quantity of flatus when taken immediately before food that is likely to cause flatulence later^{[citation needed]}.

[edit] Pharmacological

Digestive enzyme supplements may significantly reduce the amount of flatulence caused by some components of foods not being digested by the body and thereby promoting the action of microbes in the small and large intestines. It has been suggested that alpha-galactosidase enzymes, which can digest certain complex sugars, are effective in reducing the volume and frequency of flatus^[6]. The enzymes alpha-galactosidase (brands Beano, Bean-zyme), lactase (brand Lactaid), amylase, lipase, protease, cellulase, glucoamylase, invertase, malt diastase, pectinase, and bromelain are available, either individually or in combination blends, in commercial products.

The antibiotic rifaximin, often used to treat diarrhea caused by the microorganism E. coli, may reduce both the production of intestinal gas and the frequency of flatus events^[7].

While not affecting the production of the gases themselves, surfactants (agents which lower surface tension) can reduce the disagreeable sensations associated with flatulence, by aiding the dissolution of the gases into liquid and solid fecal matter^{[citation needed]}. Preparations containing simethicone reportedly operate by promoting the coalescence of smaller bubbles into larger ones more easily passed from the body, either by burping or flatulence. Such preparations do not decrease the total amount of gas generated in or passed from the colon, but make the bubbles larger and thereby allowing them to be passed more easily^{[citation needed]}.

Often it may be helpful to ingest small quantities of acidic liquids with meals, such as lemon juice or vinegar, to stimulate the production of gastric hydrochloric acid. In turn, acid ingestion may increase normal gastric enzyme and acid production, facilitating normal digestion and perhaps limiting intestinal gas production. Ingestion of bromelain- or papain-containing supplements (such as pineapple or papaya, respectively, may be helpful^{[citation needed]}.

Odor from flatulence, caused by bacteria in the bowel, can be treated by taking bismuth subgallate (brand Devrom). Bismuth subgallate is commonly used by individuals who have had ostomy surgery, bariatric surgery, fecal incontinence and irritable bowel syndrome. ^[8][9]

[edit] Health effects

As a normal body function, the action of flatulence is an important signal of normal bowel activity and hence is often documented by nursing staff following surgical or other treatment of patients. However, symptoms of excessive flatulence can indicate the presence of irritable bowel syndrome or some other organic disease. In particular, the sudden occurrence of excessive flatulence together with the onset of new symptoms provide reason for seeking further medical examination.

Flatulence is not poisonous; it is a natural component of various intestinal contents. However, discomfort may develop from the build-up of gas pressure. In theory, pathological distension of the bowel, leading to constipation, could result if a person holds in flatus.

Not all flatus is released from the body via the anus. When the partial pressure of any gas component of the intestinal lumen is higher than its partial pressure in the blood, that component enters into the bloodstream of the intestinal wall by the process of diffusion. As the blood passes through the lungs this gas can diffuse back out of the blood and be exhaled. If a person holds in flatus during daytime, it will often be released during sleep when the body is relaxed. Some flatus can become trapped within the feces during its compaction and will exit the body, still contained within the fecal matter, during the process of defecation.

[edit] Recording flatulence events

The term meteorism is defined as the presence of gas within the abdomen or intestines. However, it is sometimes also used to describe the condition of excessive flatulence. Since subjective judgments vary considerably about what constitutes normal and elevated levels of flatulence, medical personnel sometimes instruct a patient complaining about excessive flatulence to maintain a personal flatulence diary. Researchers studying flatulence have also developed what is called a flatulogram. Its horizontal axis represents time (typically 24 hours, with each hour being marked on the time line). The subject is instructed to make a pencil mark on this line at each point in time that they notice flatus passing through the anus. The acoustical volume of the event is indicated by the vertical distance that the pencil mark rises above the time line. Inaudible events are indicated by a short mark that extends only below the time line.

[edit] Environmental impact

Livestock may be a significant contributing factor to the greenhouse effect, accounting for around 20% of global methane emissions^[10]. Less than 10% of the total greenhouse gas emissions from livestock are produced by animal flatulence; most emissions are produced by animal burping. Livestock in New Zealand account for 60% of the country's greenhouse gas emissions^[11]. Livestock in Australia contribute approximately 14% of that country's greenhouse gas emissions ^[12].

[edit] Social context

In many cultures, excessive human flatulence is regarded as embarrassing and repulsive, even to the point of being a taboo subject. People will often strain to hold in the passing of gas when in polite company, or position themselves to conceal the noise and smell.

Flatulence is a potential source of humor, either due to the foul smell or the sounds produced. Some find humour in flatulence ignition, which is possible due to the presence of flammable gases such as hydrogen and methane, though the process can result in burn injuries to the rectum, anus and surrounding buttocks.

The History of Farting, by Benjamin Bart, is a collection of assorted limericks, facts, and blurbs on farting^{[citation needed]}, while Who Cut the Cheese: A Cultural History of the Fart, by Jim Dawson^{[citation needed]}, gives a more complete cultural discussion of the historical and social significance of farting.

[edit] Literature and the arts

See also: Flatulence humor

• In Roald Dahl's The BFG, the giant teaches Sophie about the joys of "whizzpopping" (farting). In the book, whizpopping is caused by drinking a drink called Frobscottle.

• In St. Augustine's The City of God, Augustine makes note of men who "have such command of their bowels, that they can break wind continuously at will, so as to produce the effect of singing." (The City of God Against the Pagans, ed and trans Philip Levine (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966), XIV.24)

• In the the second verse of the traditional English round "Sumer Is Icumen In" comes the line "Bulluc sterteþ, bucke uerteþ" ("The bullock jumps, the billy-goat farts").

• In Dante's Divine Comedy, the last line of Inferno Chapter XXI reads: ed elli avea del cul fatto trombetta ("and he made a trumpet of his buttocks"), in the last example the use of this natural body function underlined a demoniac condition.

• Friedrich Dedekind's 16th century work, Grobianus et Grobiana, appeared in England in 1605 as The Schoole of Slovenrie: Or, Cato turnd wrong side outward, published by one "R.F.". The "Schoole" taught its students that holding back the desire to urinate, fart, and vomit was bad for one's health; thus, one has to indulge freely in all three activities.

• Montaigne, in his essay "Of the Force of Imagination", includes a discussion of flatulence. Of "the vessels that serve to discharge the belly", he writes "I myself knew one so rude and ungoverned, as for forty years together made his master vent with one continued and unintermitted outbursting, and 'tis like will do so till he die of it"^[13].

• In Emile Zola's La Terre (the 15th volume of the series Les Rougon-Macquart), the eldest Fouan son can fart at will and keeps winning free drinks by betting on his skill.

• In James Joyce's Ulysses, the main character Leopold Bloom breaks wind in the "Sirens" chapter of the book.^[14]

• The Gas We Pass is a popular children's book in the United States about flatulence.

• The film Wet Hot American Summer features a boy lighting a fart as an act in a talent show. Additionally, the film's DVD features an optional "fart track" that adds fart noises to the film's audio.

• An episode of MythBusters featured myths about flatulence and determined the chemical composition of a typical flatus.

• Brent Spiner's character in the movie The Master of Disguise suffered from uncontrolled flatulence any time he broke into a fit of evil laughter.

• The lighting of flatulence is used as a device of social acceptance in a dream sequence of Dumb and Dumber.

• In the movie Mystery Men, "The Spleen" (played by Paul Reubens) is a "superhero" who, due to a gypsy curse, can aim his highly noxious flatulence with deadly precision.

• The animated series South Park features two comedians, named Terrance and Philip, who star in a television program the main characters frequently watch. Their act features a lot of flatulence which causes a great deal of offence to the more conservative residents of South Park.

• A scene in the comedy film Blazing Saddles in which a posse of cowboys sitting around a camp fire eat baked beans, causing extreme flatulence.

• The film ¡Ay, Carmela! has a theater scene in which the main actor plays a role of a fart-man. He is requested by the audience to produce many farts.

• In the movie Beavis and Butthead Do America one of the drifters in the desert remarks "Do you wanna see something really cool" and then proceeds to fart into a campfire igniting a nuclear bomb like mushroom cloud.

• In Fable, the Hero can fart when ever the player wants to at the push of a button.

• "I fart in your general direction, you English wiper of other people's bottoms!" was a taunt delivered from the top of a castle wall to King Arthur and his company in Monty Python and the Holy Grail.

• A scene in the Nickelodeon sitcom Unfabulous depicts character Addie Singer (played by Emma Roberts) farting while giving an English class presentation.

[edit] Curiosities

• According to "The Great Fart Survey" [4], 39% of those who participated like the smell of their own farts.

• Le Pétomane "the Fartiste" a famous French performer in the nineteenth century as well as many professional farters before him did flatulence impressions and held shows. Mel Brooks named his fictional governor (played by himself) William J. LePetomaine in the Western spoof film Blazing Saddles.

• Emperor Claudius passed a law legalizing farting at banquets out of concern for people's health. ^[15] There was a widespread misconception that a person could be poisoned by retaining flatus.

• Flavius Josephus reports in The Wars of the Jews that a Roman soldier raised his clothes and farted at the Feast of Unleavened Bread. This profane act so enraged the Jews that it caused a riot, during which many thousands were killed.^[16]

• An apocryphal story about Edward de Vere, Earl of Oxford is that he farted while swearing loyalty to Queen Elizabeth I and consequently went into self-imposed exile for seven years. After his return, the Queen was reported to have reassured de Vere: "My Lord, I had quite forgotten the fart." (John Aubrey, Brief Lives)

• In August 2005, New Scientist magazine reported that inventors Michael Zanakis and Philip Femano had been awarded a US patent (U.S. Patent 6,055,910 ) for a "toy gas-fired missile and launcher assembly". The abstract of the patent makes it clear that this is, in fact, a fart-powered rocket:

  "A ... missile is composed of a soft head and a tail extending therefrom formed by a piston. The piston is telescoped into the barrel of a launcher having a closed end on which is mounted an electrically activated igniter, the air space between the end of the piston and the closed end of the barrel defining a combustion chamber. Joined to the barrel, and communicating with the chamber therein, is a gas intake tube having a normally closed inlet valve. To operate the assembly, the operator places the inlet tube with its valve open adjacent [to] his anal region, from which a colonic gas is discharged. The piston is then withdrawn to a degree producing a negative pressure to inhale the gas into the combustion chamber to intermix with the air therein to create a combustible mixture. The igniter is then activated to explode the mixture in the chamber and fire the missile into space."

• British inventors have also patented fart-related ideas, such as "A fart collecting device," which includes a drawing of the invention deployed and ready for action, with helpful numbers to identify the various components. "It comprises a gas-tight collecting tube 10 for insertion into the rectum of the subject. The tube 10 is connected to a gas-tight collecting bag (not shown). The end of the tube inserted into the subject is apertured and covered with a gauze filter and a gas permeable bladder 28."

• Mambo Graphics, an Australian surfwear label, features the iconic "Farting Dog" design [5] in its lineup. Here the flatulence is depicted as a musical note emanating from the dog's backside.

• Former Canadian Prime Minister Pierre E. Trudeau was (and still is by those who remember him) referred to in Québec as "petit pét", or "little fart" because of his initials (PET). This could be considered a mildly affectionate or highly derogatory nickname, depending on the tone. Those who enjoy a bilingual pun also note that this usage gives new meaning to having a pet name for someone.

• Charles Darwin, scientist and originator of the theory of evolution by natural selection, was severely troubled by flatulence in his later years.^[17]

[edit] See also

• Professional farter
• Borborygmus
• Vaginal flatulence
• The Gas We Pass
• Fart lighting
• Rotten Eggs

[edit] References

[edit] Nontechnical resources

• Franklin, Benjamin (2003). in Japikse, Carl (Ed.): Fart Proudly, (Reprint), Frog Ltd/Blue Snake. ISBN 1-58394-079-0. 
• Dawson, Jim (1999). Who Cut the Cheese?: A Cultural History of the Fart. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 1-58008-011-1. 
• Dawson, Jim (2006). Blame it on the Dog: A Modern History of the Fart. Ten Speed Press. ISBN 1-58008-751-5. 
• D. von Schmausen. Official Rules, New World Odor International Freestyle Farting Championship. LULU. 

[edit] External links

• The Farting Survey (fartsurvey.com) - a comprehensive, worldwide survey about farts and farting.
• The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, Gas
• Facts on Farts
• Dictionary of Fart Slang
• The Great Fart Survey (simple statistical analysis of flatulence in youths) produced by Australian Broadcasting Corporation youth website, Rollercoaster)
• Flatulence Treatment
• Do Pretty Girls Fart? MythBusters Video