Flag of Iran

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The current flag of Iran was adopted on July 29, 1980, and is a reflection of the changes brought to Iran by the Islamic Revolution. The basic design of the flag is three horizontal bands of green above white above red, symbolizing Islam, peace, and courage. (The use of green to symbolize Islam is frequent in the Muslim world; the flag of Libya is entirely in this color.)

This basic design has been used since the beginning of the 20^th century. The coat of arms of Iran has been placed in the center of the white band which is meant to have multiple meanings, but is essentially a geometrically-symmetric form of the word Allah.

The symbol consists of four crescents and a sword. The four crescents form the word Allah: from right to left the first crescent is the letter 'Aleph', the second one is the letter 'Laam', the sword (straight line) is the second 'Laam', and the third and forth crescents together form the letter 'Heh'. Above the sword (central part) is a tashdid (a diacritical mark for gemination resembling a letter W). The sword represents a powerful and sovereign state. The shape of the emblem is chosen to remind people of a red tulip, for the memory of the (young) people who died for Iran, building on a legendary belief that red tulips grow on the blood of martyrs, valuing patriotism and self-sacrifice. It also bears strong resemblance to ancient Iranian Sassanid art forms usually found on royal crowns and coins. The symbol was designed by Hamid Nadimi, and was officially approved by Ayatollah Khomeini on May 9, 1980.

A further change to the flag following the Revolution has been the addition of writing on the borders between the white, and the green and red bands reading, Allahu Akbar ("God is great"). There are 22 (2x11) copies of this inscription, symbolic of the 22nd day of the 11th month (Bahman) in the Persian calendar — the date of the Islamic revolution (22 Bahman 1357 = February 11, 1979). The addition of this writing renders the flag non-reversible.

Physical requirements for the Iranian flag, the exact shape of the emblem and a compass and straightedge construction are described in the national Iranian standard ISIRI 1 (in Persian).

Contents 1 Historical 1.1 Achaemenid Empire (559–323 BCE) 1.2 Sassanids Dynasty (224–642 CE) 1.3 Islamic Conquest of Iran 1.4 Ghaznavid Dynasty (998–1052 CE) 1.5 Seljukid empire (1037–1187 CE) 1.6 Khwarezmid Empire (1077–1231 CE) 1.7 Ilkhanate (1256–1353 CE) 1.8 Muzaffarid dynasty (1314–1393 CE) 1.9 Chupanid dynasty (1337–1357 CE) 1.10 Jalayerid dynasty (1339–1432 CE) 1.11 Timurid Empire (1370–1506 CE) 1.12 Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans (1407–1468 CE) 1.13 Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans (1378–1508 CE) 1.14 Safavid Dynasty (1502–1736 CE) 1.15 Afsharid Dynasty (1730–1805 CE) 1.16 Qajar Dynasty (1779–1924 CE) 1.17 Pahlavi Dynasty (1925–1979 CE) 2 See also 3 External links

[edit] Historical

[edit] Achaemenid Empire (559–323 BCE)

During the Achaemenid, especially at the time of Cyrus the Great, the Persian Imperial Flag was made of up of a kinglike image, rectangular in shape, split into four equivalent triangles. Each two of these four train triangles had the same colour.

The national Iranian Flag was, however, the same as the Derafshe Kaviani as cited earlier. Since the excavations at Persepolis however, archaeologists have found a standard, depicting a hawk (shahbaz) with open wings, regarding which the current belief is that this was the official flag of Iran under the reign of Darius the Great and his heirs.

[edit] Sassanids Dynasty (224–642 CE)

See main article: Derafsh Kaviani

The Flag at this historical juncture was again made of rectangular leather, covered with a thin layer of silk ornamented with jewels, in the center of which there was a four cornered star, pointing to the four corners of the world. This is the same star referred to as Akhtare Kaviani (the Kaviani star) by Ferdowsi in the epics of Shahnameh (the Book of Kings). This Flag was larger than the original Derafshe Kaviani installed on a long javelin, the tip of which was shown above the flag. At the bottom of this flag there were woven strings of yellow, magenta and scarlet, hanging from them were large jewels. The flag was destroyed by Arabs after the decisive Sassanid defeat against invading Muslim Arabs.

[edit] Islamic Conquest of Iran

The Sassanid empire collapsed with the emergence of an Islamic Empire in the Middle East. Since Islam strictly prohibited figurative or other expressive symbols as idol worship, all the traditional symbology used in Iranian flags was eliminated. Throughout this period there were no fixed flags within Iran and the use of Islamic banners was common.

[edit] Ghaznavid Dynasty (998–1052 CE)

In 976 AD the Samanid dynasty was routed by Mahmoud Gaznavi (998–1030) who reinstated the use of symbolic expressions on the Iranian flag. The flag developed by Mahmoud Gaznavi contained an inscribed golden moon drawn on a solid black background. Fifty five years later, the moon was replaced by the figure of a lion at the behest of Sultan Masoud Gaznavi, whose decision was merely a reflection of his personal habit of hunting lions. Allegedly The lion and Sun emblem remained a fixture on the Iranian flag from that date onwards until the Iranian revolution in 1979 [1].

[edit] Seljukid empire (1037–1187 CE)

[edit] Khwarezmid Empire (1077–1231 CE)

[edit] Ilkhanate (1256–1353 CE)

[edit] Muzaffarid dynasty (1314–1393 CE)

[edit] Chupanid dynasty (1337–1357 CE)

[edit] Jalayerid dynasty (1339–1432 CE)

[edit] Timurid Empire (1370–1506 CE)

[edit] Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans (1407–1468 CE)

[edit] Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans (1378–1508 CE)

[edit] Safavid Dynasty (1502–1736 CE)

Among the Safavids, who ruled Iran over 220 years, only two kings, namely Shah Ismail I and Shah Tahmasp I, did not have the lion and the sun figures on their flags. The former opted for a solid green with a full moon at the top, while the latter replaced the lion with the lamb, which represented his birthday month, Farvardin the first month of the Iranian year (April 19 – March 20) and Hamal in Syriac calendar.

In the remaining years of the Safavid rule, green was the official color of the flag with the lion and the sun emblems gold-embroidered on it.

Although the lion was the inseparable part of the flag throughout the Safavid years, its posture changed many times. Often it appeared in a sitting posture, and occasionally in profile. The sun, too was sometimes attached to the lion and sometimes positioned right above and away from it.

Following from the tradition set by Arab invasion of Iran, Safavid flags like their predecessors were always of triangular shape.

[edit] Afsharid Dynasty (1730–1805 CE)

Nadir Shah, the founder of Afshari dynasty and a self-styled ruler who salvaged Iran from a feudalistic state to form a unified country, made giant military advances toward India and China (on the eastern frontier), Khwarizm and Samarkand (located on the North Eastern part of Persia), and Kirkuk and Bagdad in today’s Iraq. As such, flags, especially military ones, would come to signify a lot during all these grand scale military adventures.

Nadir’s royal flag was made of yellow and red silk with the traditional sun and lion figures. On the other hand, the national flag, formed into a tricolour of green, white and red with a lion’s profile in a walking posture with a half-risen sun, in the radius of which was a Koranic verse meaning, “the Earth is His.”

Nadir Shah’s choice of the three colors of green, white, and red was a groundbreaking decision in the formation of the modern Iranian flag. Until that point all the flags of Iran since the Islamic Conquests had been of a single colour, either red, green, or black. The use of a white base and a trim line was a dramatic break from tradition. At the time the tricolour was used as a trim line around the entire length of the flag. Since then, these colors have been the official colors of the Iranian flag, either royal or national.

[edit] Qajar Dynasty (1779–1924 CE)

Agha Mohammad Khan, the founding father of the Qajar dynasty, brought about some basic changes in the shape and color combination of the Iranian flag as well. For the first time the shape of the flag was changed from triangular to rectangular. Out of personal vendetta with Nadir Shah whom he had fought against, he ordered the established colors be removed and replaced with a solid red color as the background and a white circle in the middle with the sun and the lion. What was outstandingly different here was a sword placed in the hands of the lion.

Later, Fath Ali Shah Qajar, devised two rather different flags suitable for war and peace purposes. A totally red flag with a sitting lion and the sun on its back served as the war flag; while a green flag with basically the same figures, was used as peace flag. Ironically, the lion on the peace flag was holding the sword.

During Fath Ali Shah's reign a third flag would also be introduced for diplomatic and protocol purposes. This third flag would be white and also utilise the lion and sword. In a painting depicting the Iranian special envoy to the Russian royal court, Abolhassan Shirazi, having audience with Czar, a white flag with the lion, sun and sword figures, is carried by the Iranian delegation. Fath Ali Shah is also credited with the introduction of a crown figure positioned on top of the sun.

At this same time another great flag was introduced by one of the great Qajar beurocrats, Amir Kabir. The flag he introduced was similar to that of the diplomatic flag of Fath Ali Shah except it was a tricolour and rectangular as opposed to triangular. Amir Kabir's flag contained a ten centimeter green band on top of the white flag and a red band on the bottom. Fath Ali Shah successfully requested that Amir Kabir's flag should not carry an image of the crown that existed on all other state flags at the time.

The tricolour of the Amir Kabir flag eventually became the defacto standard while the Fath Ali Shah flags gradually fell from use.

The Qajar dynasty also saw the Iranian Constitutional Revolution which formalised the state of the Iranian flag. Following the reign of Mozaffar-od Din Shah Qajar the first and second Iranian Parliaments decided in the Article 5 of the constitution that: “the official colors of the Iranian flag are green, white, and red along with the lion and the sun signs.”

However, no details were determined as to the order of these colors or the location of the signs. This last ommison was due to the presence of some Muslim clergies in the Parliament, who would believed that the use of an animated figure on the flag was against Islam. The secular MPs had to resort to some lengthy justifications to convince the Muslim MPs to finally ratify the clause.

It was also decided that the three colours should have symbolic meanings: Green, as the color of Islam, red a symbol of the blood of martyrs, and white the universal symbol of peace and the primary color of the Zoroastrianism, the ancient religion of the pre-Islamic Iran. References were also made to the importance Iranian people attach to the month of Mordad, corresponding to Asad in Syrian calendar and Imam Ali’s title (“Asadullah”, the lion of God) creating a form of Islamic justification for the presence of the Lion and Sun.

[edit] Pahlavi Dynasty (1925–1979 CE)

The Pahlavi Dynasty maintained the same flag as the Qajar Dynasty; however, the Qajar crown riding on the top of the flag was changed to a Pahlavi crown. Furthermore, in 1957 (SH/1336), Manouchehr Eghbal, the prime minister of the time, issued a directive setting standards for the flag's exact measurements.

[edit] See also

• Iran
• Coat of arms of Iran
• Imperial Iranian Flags
• The Lion and Sun

[edit] External links

• Iran at Flags of the World
• http://www.flags-flags-flags.org.uk/iran-flag.htm

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