Fishing reel
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A fishing reel is a device used for the deployment and retrieval of fishing line using a spool mounted on an axle. Fishing reels are traditionally employed in the recreational sport of angling. They are most often used in conjunction with a fishing rod, though some specialized reels are mounted directly to boat gunwales or transoms. The earliest known illustration of what is clearly a fishing reel is from Chinese paintings and records beginning about 1195 A.D. Fishing reels first appeared in England around 1650 A.D., and multiplying or geared-retrieve reels were being advertised by London tackle shops by the 1760s. Paris, Kentucky native George Snyder is generally given credit for inventing the first fishing reel in America around 1820, a bait casting design that quickly became popular with American anglers.
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[edit] Types of fishing reels
[edit] Fly reel
The fly reel or fly casting reel has traditionally been rather simple in terms of mechanical construction, little changed from the design patented by Charles F. Orvis in 1874.[1] However, in recent years this has been changing with the development of better reels and drags for fighting larger fish. A fly reel is normally operated by stripping line off the reel with one hand, while casting the rod with the other hand. Early fly reels often had no drag at all, merely a click/pawl mechanism intended to keep the reel from overrunning when line was pulled from the spool. To slow a fish, the angler simply applied hand pressure to the rim of the revolving spool (known as 'palming the rim' or 'rimming'). Later, these click-pawl mechanisms were modified to provide a limited adjustable drag; although adequate for smaller fish, these did not possess a wide adjustment range or the power to slow larger fish.
Newer fly reels frequently have more sophisticated disc-type drag systems made of composite materials that feature increased adjustment range, consistency, and increased resistance to high temperatures caused by drag friction. Most newer fly reels also feature large-arbor spools designed to reduce line memory and maintain a consistent drag, as well as to assist the retrieval of slack line in the event a hooked fish makes a sudden run towards the angler.
At one time, multiplier fly reels were widely available; these reels had a geared line retrieve of 2:1 or 3:1 which allowed faster takeup of the fly line. However, their added weight, complexity, and expense did not justify the advantage of speedier line retrieval in the eyes of many anglers, and today they are rarely seen. There are also automatic fly reels which utilize a coiled spring mechanism which pulls the line into the reel at the flick of a lever. Automatic reels tend to be heavy for their size, with limited line capacity. They were once very popular in the southern United States, where they allowed the use of a free hand for sculling a paddle when fishing from a small boat for largemouth bass. Automatic fly reels peaked in popularity during the 1960s, and since that time they have been outsold many times over by manual fly reels.
Saltwater fly reels are designed specifically for use in the ocean environment. Saltwater fly reels are normally much larger in diameter than most freshwater fly reels, with a large line and backing capacity designed for the long runs of powerful ocean gamefish. In order to prevent corrosion, saltwater fly reels often use aerospace aluminum frames and spools, electroplated and/or stainless steel components, together with sealed, waterproof bearing and drive mechanisms.
- Fly Reel Operation
Fly reels are normally manual, 'single-action' designs; rotating a handle on the side of the reel rotates the spool which retrieves the line, usually at a 1:1 ratio (i.e., one complete revolution of the handle equals one revolution of the spool).
[edit] Bait casting reel
Bait casting reels are reels in which line is stored on a revolving spool. The bait casting reel is mounted above the rod, hence its other name, the overhead reel. The bait casting reel dates from at least the mid-1600s, but came into wide use by amateur anglers during the 1870s. Early bait casting reels were often constructed with brass or iron gears, with casings and spools made of brass, German silver, or hard rubber. Early reels were often operated by inverting the reel in order to retrieve line by back-winding, and the reel crank handle was positioned on the right side of the reel for this reason.[2] As a result, the right-hand crank position for bait casting reels has become customary over the years, though models with left-hand retrieve are now gaining in popularity. Many of today's bait casting reels are constructed using aluminum, stainless steel, and/or synthetic composite materials, and include a level-wind mechanism to prevent the line from being trapped under itself on the spool during rewind, thus interfering with subsequent casts. Many are also fitted with anti-reverse handles and drags designed to slow runs by large and powerful gamefish. Because the momentum of the forward cast must rotate the spool as well as propel the lure, bait casting designs normally require heavier lures for proper operation than with other types of reels.
Spool tension on most newer bait casting reels can be adjusted by means of adjustable spool tension, a centrifugal brake, or a magnetic 'cast control' to reduce spool overrun during a cast and resultant line snare, known as backlash. Each time a lure of a different weight is attached, the cast control must be adjusted. The bait casting reel design will operate acceptably with a wide variety of fishing lines, ranging from braided multifilament and heat-fused 'superlines' to copolymer, fluorocarbon, and nylon monofilaments (see Fishing line). Most bait casting reels can also easily be palmed or thumbed to increase the drag, set the hook, or to accurately halt the lure at a given point in the cast.
A variation of the bait casting reel is the big game reel. These are very large and robust fishing reels, designed and built for heavy saltwater species such as tuna, marlin, sailfish, and sharks. Big game reels are not designed for casting, but used for trolling or fishing set baits and lures on the open ocean.
Bait casting reels are sometimes referred to as conventional reels in the U.S. They are known as multiplier reels in Europe, on account of their geared line retrieve, one turn of the handle resulting in multiple turns of the spool.
- Bait Casting Reel Operation
A bait casting reel and rod is cast by moving the rod backward, then snapping it forward. During the forward cast, the line is pulled off the bait casting reel by the weight of the lure. The thumb is used to halt the lure in its travel at the desired location and to prevent spool overrun.
[edit] Spinning reel
Reels utilizing a fixed spool were in use in North America as early as the 1870s. They were originally developed to allow the use of artificial flies or other lures for trout or salmon that were too light in weight to be easily cast by baitcasting reels. Fixed-spool reels also solved the problem of backlash, as they did not have a rotating spool to overspeed and foul the line. The earliest fixed-spool reels turned the take-up cylinder 90 degrees in the body of the reel for retrieval, then reversed into casting position. In casting position, line was drawn off in coils from the end of the fixed, non-rotating spool. Fixed spool reels are normally mounted below the rod.
In 1948, the Mitchell Reel Company of Cluses, France introduced the first modern commercially successful spinning reel, with a design that oriented the face of the fixed spool forward in a permanently fixed position below the fishing rod. A mechanical line pickup was used to retrieve the cast line (eventually developed into a wire bail design), and an anti-reverse lever prevented the crank handle from rotating while a fish was pulling line from the spool. Because the line did not have to pull against a rotating spool, much lighter lures could be cast than with a bait casting reel. Conversely, halting the cast and stopping the lure at the desired position requires more practice in learning to feather the line with the forefinger as it uncoils from the spool. Most spinning reels operate best with fairly limp, flexible fishing lines.
Though spinning reels do not suffer from backlash(which is very nice), line can be trapped underneath itself on the spool or even detach from the reel in loose loops of line, called 'birds nests'. Various level-wind and oscillating spool mechanisms have been introduced over the years in an effort to solve this problem. Spinning reels also tend to have more issues with twisting of the fishing line. Line twist in spinning reels can occur from the spin of an attached lure, the action of the wire bail against the line when automatically engaged by the crank handle, or even retrieval of line while the line is under a load (spinning reel users normally pump the rod up and down, then retrieve the slack line to avoid line twist and stress on internal components). Most spin fishermen also manually reposition the bail after each cast in order to minimize line twist.
- Spinning Reel Operation
Spinning reels are cast by opening the bail, grasping the line with the forefinger, then using a backward snap of the rod followed by a forward cast, releasing the line with the forefinger at the same time. On the retrieve, the large rotating wire cage or bail (either manually or trigger-operated) serves as the line pickup, restoring the line to its original position on the spool.
[edit] Spin cast reel
The first commercial spin cast reels were introduced by the Johnson Reel Company and the Zero Hour Bomb Company (ZEBCO) in 1949. The spin cast reel is an attempt to solve the problem of backlash found in baitcast designs, while reducing line twist and snare complaints sometimes encountered with traditional spinning reel designs. Just as with the spinning reel, the line is thrown from a fixed spool and can therefore be used to throw relatively light lures and bait. However, the spin cast reel eliminates the large wire bail and line roller of the spinning reel in favor of one or two simple pickup pins and a metal cup to wind the line on the spool. Traditionally mounted above the rod, the spin cast reel is also fitted with an external nose cone that encloses and protects the fixed spool.
With their fixed spool, spin cast reels can cast lighter lures than baitcast reels, though friction of the nose cone against the unspooling line slightly reduces casting distance compared to spinning reels. Spin cast reels also generally have narrow spools with less line capacity than either baitcast or spinning reels of equivalent size, though this also tends to reduce line snare issues. Like other types of reels, spin cast reels are frequently fitted with both anti-reverse crank levers and friction drags, and some also have level-wind (oscillating spool) mechanisms. Most spin cast reels operate best with limp monofilament lines, though at least one spin cast reel manufacturer installs a thermally fused 'superline' in one of its models as standard equipment.
- Spin Cast Reel Operation
Pressing a button on the rear of the reel disengages the line pickup, and the button is released during the forward cast to allow the line to fly off the spool, then pressed again to stop the lure at the position desired. Upon cranking the handle, the pickup pin immediately re-engages the line and re-spools it on the reel.
[edit] Underspin reel
Underspin or Triggerspin reels are spin cast reels in which the reel is mounted underneath a standard spinning rod. Like spin casting reels, underspin reels have no wire bail to hold the line, but rather one or two pickup pins. These may be instantly engaged by turning the crank handle. With the reel's weight suspended beneath the rod, underspin reels are generally more comfortable to cast and hold for long periods, and the ability to use all standard spinning rods greatly increases its versatility compared to traditional spin cast reels.
- Underspin Reel Operation
A lever or trigger is grasped or rotated (usually by the forefinger) and this action suspends the line in place. During the forward cast, the lever/trigger is released, and the line flies off the fixed spool. When necessary, the lever can be activated once again to stop the lure at a given point in the cast.
[edit] Direct-drive reel
Direct-drive reels have the spool and handle directly coupled. When the handle moves forwards, the spool moves forwards, and vice-versa. With a fast-running fish, this may have consequences for the angler's knuckles. Traditional fly reels are direct-drive.
[edit] Anti-reverse reel
In anti-reverse reels a mechanism allows line to pay out while the handle remains stationary. Depending on the drag setting, line may also pay out, as with a running fish, while the angler reels in! Bait casting reels and many modern saltwater fly reels are examples of this design.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Henshall, J.A., Book of the Black Bass Cincinnati: J.A. Henshall (1881)
- Turner, Graham, Fishing Tackle: A Collector's Guide, Ward Lock Ltd. (1991)
- O.R.C.A. Online, Reel History
