First Italo–Ethiopian War

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First Italo-Ethiopian War

Date	1895–1896
Location	Ethiopia
Result	Ethiopian victory

Combatants

Commanders

Strength

17,000^{[citation needed]}

100,000 (estimated)

Casualties

13,133

17,000

First Italo–Ethiopian War
Amba Alagi - Mek'ele - Tigray - Adwa

The First Italo–Ethiopian War was fought between Italy and Ethiopia in 1895-1896. It was one of the very few instances of successful armed African resistance to European colonialism in the 19th century.

1 Background
2 Opening Phase
3 Battle of Adowa
4 End of the War
5 See also
6 References

[edit] Background

On March 25, 1889, the Shewa ruler Menelik II — having conquered Tigray and Amhara, and with the support of Italy — declared himself Emperor of Ethiopia (Abyssinia in the European parlance of the time). Barely a month later, on May 2, he signed a treaty of amity with the Italians, which apparently gave them control over Eritrea, the Red Sea coast to the northeast of Ethiopia, in return for recognition of Menelik's rule.

In fact, the bilingual Treaty of Wuchale did not say the same thing in Italian and Amharic. The former text established an Italian protectorate over Ethiopia, which Menelik allegedly discovered soon afterwards. According to the Italian diplomats, however, the original Amharic text included the clause and Menelik knowingly signed a modified copy of the Treaty.^[1]

[edit] Opening Phase

In 1893, when Menelik judged that his power over Ethiopia was consolidated, he repudiated the treaty at which point the Italians ramped up the pressure in a variety of ways, culminating with a military campaign across the Mareb River into Tigray (on the border with Eritrea) in October 1895. The Italians expected disaffected potentates like Negus Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam, Ras Mengesha Yohannes, and the Sultan of Aussa to join them; instead, all of the ethnic Tigrayan or Amharic peoples flocked to the Emperor Menelik's side in a display of nationalism, while other peoples of dubious loyalty (e.g. the Sultan of Aussa), were watched by Imperial garrisons. Further, Menelik had spent much of the previous four years building up a supply of modern weapons and ammunition.

The first clash came at Amba Alagi on 7 December 1895, when Ethiopian soldiers overran the Italian positions dug in on that natural fortress, and forced the Italians to retreat back to Eritrea. The remaining Italian troops, under General Giuseppe Arimondi, reached the unfinished Italian fort at Maqele. Arimondi left there a small garrison of approximately 1150 askaris and 200 Italians, commanded by Major Galliano, and took the bulk of his troops to Adigrat, where Oreste Baratieri, the Italian commander, was concentrating the Italian Army.

The first Ethiopian troops reached Maqele in the following days. Ras Makonnen attacked the fort on December 20 but couldn't defeat the defenders. By the first days of January, Emperor Menelik, accompanied by his Queen Taytu Betul, had led large forces into Tigray, and besieged the Italians for 15 days (January 6 - January 21, 1896), trying in vain to storm the fort on several occasions, until the Italians surrendered with permission from the Italian Headquarters. Still hoping for a peaceful resolution to the war, Menelik allowed them to leave Maqale with their weapons, and even provided the defeated Italians mules and pack animals to rejoin Baratieri.^[2]

Heavily outnumbered, Baratieri refused to engage, knowing that the Ethiopians could not keep large numbers of troops in the field much longer. However, the Italian government of Francesco Crispi was unable to accept being stymied by non-Europeans. The prime minister specifically ordered Baratieri to bring about a battle.

[edit] Battle of Adowa

The result was the Battle of Adowa (or Adua) on March 1, 1896. Almost half of all the Italian forces in East Africa were concentrated and engaged the Ethiopians who defeated them decisively. The actual battle took place in mountainous country north of the town of Adwa. The Italian army comprised four brigades totalling approximately 20,000 troops, with fifty-six artillery pieces.

General Baratieri planned to surprise the larger Ethiopian force with an early morning attack, expecting that his enemy would be asleep. However, the Ethiopians had risen early for Church services, and upon learning of the Italian advance, swept forth to meet it, and crushed the Italians. While Menelik's victory was in a large part due to sheer force of numbers, Menelik's careful preparations had made them well-armed numbers.

Italian dead and missing numbered 11,133^{[citation needed]} with a further 2,000 captured. In addition, 4,000 Eritrean askaris were killed or captured. The Ethiopians had lost about 7,000 dead and 10,000 wounded. Italian prisoners were treated as well as possible under difficult circumstances, but 800 captured askaris, regarded as traitors by the Ethiopians, had their right hands and left feet amputated.

[edit] End of the War

Menelik retired in good order to his capital, Addis Ababa, and waited for the discredited Crispi government to fall. It did within two weeks, and Menelik secured the Treaty of Addis Ababa in October, strictly delineating the borders of Eritrea and forcing Italy to recognize the independence of Ethiopia.