User:Femto/elements e3

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• Obsolete, merged into articles
• page E1 — H He Li Be B C N O F Ne
• page E2 — Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
• page E3 — K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
• page E4 — Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
• page E5 — Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe
• page E6 — Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
• page E7 — Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
• page E8 — La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
• page E9 — Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
• page E10 — Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh
• page E11 — Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No

Contents 1 potassium 2 calcium 3 gallium 4 germanium 5 arsenic 6 selenium 7 bromine 8 krypton

[edit] potassium

19 - ← potassium → calcium Na ↑ K ↓ Rb Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	potassium, K, 19
Chemical series	alkali metals
Group, Period, Block	1, 4, s
Appearance	silvery white
Standard atomic weight	39.0983(1)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Ar] 4s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 8, 1
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	0.89  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	0.828  g·cm−3
Melting point	336.53 K (63.38 °C, 146.08 °F)
Boiling point	1032 K (759 °C, 1398 °F)
Heat of fusion	2.321  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	76.90  kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 29.600  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 473 530 601 697 832 1029
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	cubic body centered
Oxidation states	1 (strongly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	0.82 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st:  418.8  kJ·mol−1
	2nd:  3052  kJ·mol−1
	3rd:  4420  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	220  pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	243  pm
Covalent radius	196  pm
Van der Waals radius	275 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	???
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 72.0 n Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 102.5  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 83.3  µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 2000 m/s
Shear modulus	1.3  GPa
Bulk modulus	3.1  GPa
Mohs hardness	0.4
Brinell hardness	0.363  MPa
CAS registry number	7440-09-7
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e3 iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 39K 93.26% K is stable with 20 neutrons 40K 0.012% 1.277 E9 y β- 1.311 40Ca 40K 0.012% 1.277 E9 y ε 1.505 40Ar 41K 6.73% K is stable with 22 neutrons
References

[edit] calcium

20 potassium ← calcium → scandium Mg ↑ Ca ↓ Sr Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	calcium, Ca, 20
Chemical series	alkaline earth metals
Group, Period, Block	2, 4, s
Appearance	silvery white
Standard atomic weight	40.078(4)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Ar] 4s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	1.55  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	1.378  g·cm−3
Melting point	1115 K (842 °C, 1548 °F)
Boiling point	1757 K (1484 °C, 2703 °F)
Heat of fusion	8.54  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	154.7  kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 25.929  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 864 956 1071 1227 1443 1755
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	cubic face centered
Oxidation states	2 (strongly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	1.00 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st:  589.8  kJ·mol−1
	2nd:  1145.4  kJ·mol−1
	3rd:  4912.4  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	180  pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	194  pm
Covalent radius	174  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 33.6 n Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 201  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 22.3  µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 3810 m/s
Young's modulus	20  GPa
Shear modulus	7.4  GPa
Bulk modulus	17  GPa
Poisson ratio	0.31
Mohs hardness	1.75
Brinell hardness	167  MPa
CAS registry number	7440-70-2
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e3 iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 40Ca 96.941% Ca is stable with 20 neutrons 41Ca syn 103,000 y ε 0.421 41K 42Ca 0.647% Ca is stable with 22 neutrons 43Ca 0.135% Ca is stable with 23 neutrons 44Ca 2.086% Ca is stable with 24 neutrons 46Ca 0.004% Ca is stable with 26 neutrons 48Ca 0.187% >6×1018 y β- 4.272 48Ti
References

[edit] gallium

31 zinc ← gallium → germanium Al ↑ Ga ↓ In Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	gallium, Ga, 31
Chemical series	poor metals
Group, Period, Block	13, 4, p
Appearance	silvery white
Standard atomic weight	69.723(1)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 3
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	5.91  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	6.095  g·cm−3
Melting point	302.9146 K (29.7646 °C, 85.5763 °F)
Boiling point	2477 K (2204 °C, 3999 °F)
Heat of fusion	5.59  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	254  kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 25.86  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 1310 1448 1620 1838 2125 2518
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	orthorhombic
Oxidation states	3 (amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	1.81 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st:  578.8  kJ·mol−1
	2nd:  1979.3  kJ·mol−1
	3rd:  2963  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	130  pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	136  pm
Covalent radius	126  pm
Van der Waals radius	187 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	no data
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 40.6  W·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 2740 m/s
Mohs hardness	1.5
Brinell hardness	60  MPa
CAS registry number	7440-55-3
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e3 iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 69Ga 60.11% Ga is stable with 38 neutrons 71Ga 39.89% Ga is stable with 39 neutrons
References

[edit] germanium

32 gallium ← germanium → arsenic Si ↑ Ge ↓ Sn Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	germanium, Ge, 32
Chemical series	metalloids
Group, Period, Block	14, 4, p
Appearance	grayish white
Standard atomic weight	72.64(1)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	5.323  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	5.60  g·cm−3
Melting point	1211.40 K (938.25 °C, 1720.85 °F)
Boiling point	3106 K (2833 °C, 5131 °F)
Heat of fusion	36.94  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	334  kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 23.222  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 1644 1814 2023 2287 2633 3104
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	cubic face centered
Oxidation states	4 (amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	2.01 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st:  762  kJ·mol−1
	2nd:  1537.5  kJ·mol−1
	3rd:  3302.1  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	125  pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	125  pm
Covalent radius	122  pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	no data
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 60.2  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 6.0  µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 5400 m/s
Mohs hardness	6.0
CAS registry number	7440-56-4
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e3 iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 68Ge syn 270.8 d ε  ? 68Ga 70Ge 21.23% Ge is stable with 38 neutrons 71Ge syn 11.26 d ε  ? 71Ga 72Ge 27.66% Ge is stable with 40 neutrons 73Ge 7.73% Ge is stable with 41 neutrons 74Ge 35.94% Ge is stable with 42 neutrons 76Ge 7.44% Ge is stable with 44 neutrons
References

[edit] arsenic

33 germanium ← arsenic → selenium P ↑ As ↓ Sb Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	arsenic, As, 33
Chemical series	metalloids
Group, Period, Block	15, 4, p
Appearance	metallic gray
Standard atomic weight	74.92160(2)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 5
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	5.727  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	5.22  g·cm−3
Melting point	1090 K (817 °C, 1503 °F)
Boiling point	887 K (614 °C, 1137 °F)
Heat of fusion	(gray) 24.44  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	??? 34.76  kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 24.64  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 553 596 646 706 781 874
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	rhombohedral
Oxidation states	±3, 5 (mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	2.18 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st:  947.0  kJ·mol−1
	2nd:  1798  kJ·mol−1
	3rd:  2735  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	115  pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	114  pm
Covalent radius	119  pm
Van der Waals radius	185 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	no data
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 333 n Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 50.2  W·m−1·K−1
Young's modulus	8  GPa
Bulk modulus	22  GPa
Mohs hardness	3.5
Brinell hardness	1440  MPa
CAS registry number	7440-38-2
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e3 iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 73As syn 80.3 d ε  ? 73Ge 73As syn 80.3 d γ 0.05D, 0.01D, e ?? 74As syn 17.78 d ε  ? 74Ge 74As syn 17.78 d β+ 0.941 74Ge 74As syn 17.78 d γ 0.595, 0.634 ?? 74As syn 17.78 d β- 1.35, 0.717 74Se 75As 100% As is stable with 42 neutrons
References

[edit] selenium

34 arsenic ← selenium → bromine S ↑ Se ↓ Te Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	selenium, Se, 34
Chemical series	nonmetals
Group, Period, Block	16, 4, p
Appearance	gray, metallic luster
Standard atomic weight	78.96(3)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 6
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	(gray) 4.81  g·cm−3
Density (near r.t.)	(alpha) 4.39  g·cm−3
Density (near r.t.)	(vitreous) 4.28  g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	3.99  g·cm−3
Melting point	494 K (221 °C, 430 °F)
Boiling point	958 K (685 °C, 1265 °F)
Heat of fusion	(gray) 6.69  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	95.48  kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 25.363  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 500 552 617 704 813 958
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	hexagonal
Oxidation states	±2, 4, 6 (strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	2.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st:  941.0  kJ·mol−1
	2nd:  2045  kJ·mol−1
	3rd:  2973.7  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	115  pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	103  pm
Covalent radius	116  pm
Van der Waals radius	190 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	no data
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) (amorphous) 0.519  W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) (amorphous) 37  µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 3350 m/s
Young's modulus	10  GPa
Shear modulus	3.7  GPa
Bulk modulus	8.3  GPa
Poisson ratio	0.33
Mohs hardness	2.0
Brinell hardness	736  MPa
CAS registry number	7782-49-2
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e3 iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 72Se syn 8.4 d Ε 0.335 72As 74Se 0.87% Se is stable with 40 neutrons 75Se syn 119.779 d Ε 0.864 75As 76Se 9.36% Se is stable with 42 neutrons 77Se 7.63% Se is stable with 43 neutrons 78Se 23.78% Se is stable with 44 neutrons 79Se syn 1.13×106 y β 0.151 79Br 80Se 49.61% Se is stable with 46 neutrons 82Se syn 1.08×1020 y β 2.995 82Kr
References

[edit] bromine

35 selenium ← bromine → krypton Cl ↑ Br ↓ I Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	bromine, Br, 35
Chemical series	halogens
Group, Period, Block	17, 4, p
Appearance	gas: red-brown; solid: metallic luster
Standard atomic weight	79.904(1)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 7
Physical properties
Phase	solid at STP; liquid at r.t.
Density (near r.t.)	(liquid) 3.1028  g·cm−3
Melting point	265.8 K (-7.3 °C, 19 °F)
Boiling point	332.0 K (58.8 °C, 137.8 °F)
Heat of fusion	(Br2) 10.57  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	(Br2) 29.96  kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity	(25 °C) (Br2) 75.69  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 185 201 220 244 276 332
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	orthorhombic
Oxidation states	±1, 5 (strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	2.96 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st:  1139.9  kJ·mol−1
	2nd:  2103  kJ·mol−1
	3rd:  3470  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	115  pm
Atomic radius (calc.)	94  pm
Covalent radius	114  pm
Van der Waals radius	185 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	nonmagnetic
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 7.8×1010  Ω·m
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 0.122  W·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound	(20 °C) ? 206 m/s
CAS registry number	7726-95-6
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e3 iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 79Br 50.69% Br is stable with 44 neutrons 81Br 49.31% Br is stable with 46 neutrons
References

[edit] krypton

36 bromine ← krypton → - Ar ↑ Kr ↓ Xe Periodic Table - Extended Periodic Table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	krypton, Kr, 36
Chemical series	noble gases
Group, Period, Block	18, 4, p
Appearance	colorless
Standard atomic weight	83.798(2)  g·mol−1
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 8
Physical properties
Phase	gas
Melting point	115.79 K (-157.36 °C, -251.25 °F)
Boiling point	119.93 K (-153.22 °C, -243.8 °F)
Heat of fusion	1.64  kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	9.08  kJ·mol−1
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 20.786  J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure P(Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T(K) 59 65 74 84 99 120
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	cubic face centered
Oxidation states	unknown
Electronegativity	3.00 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st:  1350.8  kJ·mol−1
	2nd:  2350.4  kJ·mol−1
	3rd:  3565  kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius (calc.)	88  pm
Covalent radius	110  pm
Van der Waals radius	202 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	nonmagnetic
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 9.43 m W·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound	(liquid) 1120 m/s
CAS registry number	7439-90-9
Selected isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of femto/elements e3 iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 78Kr 0.35% 2·1021 y ε ε 3.064 78Se 79Kr syn 35.04 d ε 1.626 79Br 80Kr 2.25% Kr is stable with 44 neutrons 81Kr syn 229000 y ε 0.281 81Br 82Kr 11.6% Kr is stable with 46 neutrons 83Kr 11.5% Kr is stable with 47 neutrons 84Kr 57% Kr is stable with 48 neutrons 85Kr syn 10.756 y β- 0.687 85Rb 86Kr 17.3% Kr is stable with 50 neutrons
References