Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

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The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbian: Савезна Република Југославија / Savezna Republika Jugoslavija) or FRY was a federal state consisting of the republics of Serbia and Montenegro that existed from 1992 to 2003, when it was reconstituted as a State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.

Contents 1 History 2 Divisions 3 Politics 3.1 Republic of Serbia 3.2 Republic of Montenegro 4 Economy 5 Reference 6 External links 6.1 General and governmental links 6.2 Other external links

[edit] History

After Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Macedonia broke away from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro reconstituted the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992.

The United Nations and many individual states, especially the United States, accepted it as constituting a state, but refused to recognise it (or the other republics ^[1]) as a successor of the former Yugoslavia. The United States and other members of the international community regarded the FRY as being Serbia, as it was dominated by Serbia, while Montenegro contributed little in international political affairs involving the FRY. The FRY was also suspended from a number of international institutions. This was due to the ongoing Yugoslav wars during the 1990s, which had prevented agreement being reached on the disposition of federal assets and liabilities, particularly the national debt. The FRY was not directly involved in conflicts in Croatia and Bosnia, but helped the Serbian states of Republika Srpska and Republika Srpska Krajina with supplies, military technology and men. The country was ravaged by hyperinflation, which reached its peak in 1993, but the economy subsequently recovered.

In 1995, Serbian President Slobodan Milošević represented the FRY and Bosnian Serbs at peace talks in Dayton, Ohio, USA, which negotiated the end of war in Bosnia with the Dayton Agreement.

In June of 1999, after NATO airstrikes, NATO and other troops, organized into KFOR, entered the province of Kosovo following the Kosovo War. Before the handover of power, some 300,000 Serbs and other non-Albanians were ethnically cleansed from the province. On March 17, 2004, unrest in Kosovo led to several deaths as Albanians clashed with Serbs and KFOR.

The FRY was finally re-admitted to the United Nations in 2000 after several years of suspension (with SFRY succession talks still ongoing).

In 2002, Serbia and Montenegro came to a new agreement regarding continued co-operation, which, among other changes, promised the end of the name Yugoslavia. On February 4, 2003, the federal parliament of Yugoslavia created a loose confederation - State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. A new Constitutional Charter was agreed to provide a framework for the governance of the country. The State Union had a parliament and an army in common, and during the three years (till 2006), neither Serbia nor Montenegro held a referendum on the break-up of the union. The EU's high representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy Javier Solana said that he was happy with the agreement, because it stopped the disintegration progress in the former Yugoslav zone.

[edit] Divisions

The FRY was composed of four principal political units, consisting of two republics and two subordinate autonomous provinces:

• Serbia (capital: Belgrade)
  • Vojvodina – autonomous province within Serbia (capital: Novi Sad)
  • Kosovo and Metohia – autonomous province under United Nations administration after Kosovo War (capital: Priština)
• Montenegro (capital: Cetinje)

[edit] Politics

The Federal Assembly of FRY was composed out of two Domes: the Council of Citizens and the Council of Republics. Whereas the Council of Citizens serves as an ordinary Assembly, representing the people of FRY, the Council of Republics was made equally by representatives from the Federation's constituent republics, to ensure Federal equality.

[discuss] – [edit]
Composition of the former Council of Citizens of the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Parties	Seats
Democratic Opposition of Serbia	58
Socialist Party of Serbia	44
Serbian Radical Party	5
Socialist People's Party of Montenegro	28
Serbian People's Party	2
TOTAL	138

[discuss] – [edit]
Composition of the former Council of Republics of the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Parties	Seats
Serbia	20
Democratic Opposition of Serbia	10
Socialist Party of Serbia	7
Serbian Radical Party	2
Serbian Renewal Movement	1
Montenegro	20
Socialist People's Party of Montenegro	19
Serbian People's Party	1
TOTAL	40

[edit] Republic of Serbia

[discuss] – [edit]
Composition of the former Council of Citizens of the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Parties	Seats
Democratic Opposition of Serbia	176
Socialist Party of Serbia	37
Serbian Radical Party	23
Party of Serbian Unity	14
TOTAL	250

[edit] Republic of Montenegro

[discuss] – [edit]
Composition of the former Council of Citizens of the Assembly of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Parties	Seats
For European Montenegro	39
Together for Changes - Socialist People's Party-Serbian People's Party-People's Party	30
Liberal Alliance of Montenegro - Montenegro can do it	4
Democratic coalition - Albanians Together	2
TOTAL	75

[edit] Economy

Mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of economic sanctions, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry caused by the Kosovo War left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. Since the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević in October 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government has implemented stabilization measures and embarked on an aggressive market reform program. After renewing its membership in the International Monetary Fund in December 2000, Yugoslavia continued to reintegrate into the international community by rejoining the World Bank (IBRD) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).

The smaller republic of Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the Milošević era. Since then, the two republics had separate central banks, different currencies - Montenegro adopted the euro, while Serbia used the Serbian dinar as official currency.

The complexity of the FRY's political relationships, slow progress in privatisation, and stagnation in the European economy were detrimental to the economy. Arrangements with the IMF, especially requirements for fiscal discipline, were an important element in policy formation. Severe unemployment was a key political economic problem. Corruption also presented a major problem, with a large black market and a high degree of criminal involvement in the formal economy.

[edit] Reference

[edit] External links

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[edit] General and governmental links

• Official government site
• List of official sites of administration

[edit] Other external links

• Serbia-Montenegro and the Balkans – Discussion Forum
• Burek Forum – The Biggest forum in Serbia and Montenegro
• Foundation Rastko-Boka News

		Yugoslavia (1929 - 1941; 1945 - 2003)
Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vojvodina, and Boka Kotorska were part of Austria-Hungary (until 1918) See State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and Banat, Bačka and Baranja Free State of Fiume (Rijeka) (1920-1924) Annexed by Italy in 1924, became part of Yugoslavia in 1947	Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918-1929)	Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929-1941)	Nazi Germany annexed parts of Slovenia (1941-1945) Fascist Italy annexed parts of Slovenia, Croatia and Montenegro (1941-1943)	Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (1943-1946)	Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (1946-1963)	Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963-1992)	Slovenia (since 1991)
			Independent State of Croatia (1941-1945)				Croatia (since 1991) Also, Republic of Serbian Krajina (1991-1995)
							Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1992) Composed of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska since 1995, and of the Brčko District since 2000
			Hungary annexed Bačka, Baranja, Međimurje, and Prekmurje (1941-1944/1945)				Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992-2003)	Serbia and Montenegro (2003-2006)	Serbia (since 2006) Kosovo a de facto UN protectorate since 1999
			Autonomous Banat (1941-1944)
Kingdom of Serbia (until 1918)			Nedić's Serbia (1941-1944) Republic of Užice (1941)
			Albania annexed most of Kosovo, western Macedonia and south-eastern parts of Montenegro (1941-1944)
Kingdom of Montenegro (until 1918)			Montenegro (occupied by Italy) (1941-1945)						Montenegro (since 2006)
Modern Republic of Macedonia was part of Kingdom of Serbia (until 1918)			Bulgaria annexed most of modern Republic of Macedonia and south-eastern parts of Serbia (1941-1944)				Republic of Macedonia (since 1991)