Exodusters
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Exodusters was a name given to African American migrants who fled the American South for Kansas in the North during the years 1879-1880. After the end of Reconstruction racial oppression and rumors of the reinstitution of slavery led many former slaves to seek an alternative place to live. Many settled on Kansas because of its fame as the land of "John Brown." The state had a progressive and more tolerant reputation than most other states at the time. It was also well known among African Americans due to the efforts of separatist leaders like Benjamin "Pap" Singleton. The Kansas Exodus was an unorganized mass migration that started in 1879. Local relief agencies such as the Kansas Freedman's Relief Association did try to provide aid, but it was never enough to meet the needs of the impoverished migrants. The Exodusters continued coming to Kansas through the summer of 1880, but after that year the movement died out.
[edit] Academic references
- Athearn, Robert G. "Black Exodus: The Migration of 1879." The Prairie Scout 3 (1975): 86-97.
- Athearn, Robert G. In Search of Canaan: Black Migration to Kansas, 1879-80. Lawrence: The Regents Press of Kansas, 1978.
- Grenz, Suzanna M. "The Exodusters of 1879: St. Louis and Kansas City Responses." Missouri Historical Review 73 (October 1978): 54-70.
- Higgins, Billy D. "Negro Thought and the Exodus of 1879." Phylon 32 (spring 1971): 39-52.
- Painter, Nell Irvin. Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas after Reconstruction. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1986.
- Painter, Nell Irvin. "Millenarian Aspects of the Exodus to Kansas After Reconstruction." Journal of Social History 9 (spring 1976): 331-338.
- Peoples, Morgan D. "Kansas Fever in North Louisiana." Louisiana History 11 (spring 1970): 121-135.
- Schwendemann, Glen. "The 'Exodusters' on the Missouri." Kansas Historical Quarterly 34 (spring 1968): 10-31.
- Schwendemann, Glen. "St. Louis and the 'Exodusters' of 1879." Journal of Negro History 46 (January 1961): 32-46.
- Schwendemann, Glen. "Wyandotte and the First 'Exodusters' of 1879." Kansas Historical Quarterly 26 (autumn 1960): 233-249.
- Strickland, Arvarh E. "Toward the Promised Land: The Exodus to Kansas and Afterward." Missouri Historical Review 69 (July 1975): 376-412.
- Van Deusen, John G. "The Exodusters of 1879." Journal of Negro History 21 (April 1936): 111-129.
- Williams, Nudie E. "Black Newspapers and the Exodusters of 1879." Kansas History 8 (winter 1985/86): 217-225.
[edit] Exodusters in Fiction
[edit] External links
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