Ex Corde Ecclesiae
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Ex Corde Ecclesiae (Latin:"From the Heart of the Church") is an Apostolic constitution written by Pope John Paul II regarding Catholic colleges and universities. It was promulgated on August 15, 1990. Its aim was to define and refine the catholicism of Catholic institutions of higher education. Bishops in the United States, in particular, interpreted this doctrine to mean that all teachers of theology in Catholic colleges and universities must be "mandated" by ecclesiastical authorities. This doctrine and interpretation have been criticized by many in American Catholic higher education as violating institutional autonomy (and reversing the emphasis on freedom including academic freedom which sprang from the Second Vatican Council), although conservative Catholics, including conservative Catholic educators, have applauded it.
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