Evolution of the Portuguese Empire

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[edit] Territories of the Portuguese empire

Main article: Portuguese Empire

An anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999). Red - actual possessions; Pink - explorations, areas of influence and claims of sovereignty; Blue - main sea explorations, routes and areas of inluence.

[edit] In Africa

• Angola/Portuguese West Africa - colony (1575-1589); crown colony (1589-1951); overseas province (1951-1971); state (1971-1975). Independence in 1975.
• Arguin/Arguim - (1455-1633)
• Accra (1557-1578)
• Cabinda - protectorate (1883-1887); Congo district (1887-1921); intendancy subordinate to Maquela (1921-1922); dependency of Zaire district (1922-1930); Intendacy of Zaire and Cabinda (1930-1932); intendancy under Angola (1932-1934); dependency under Angola (1934-1945); restored as District (1946-1975). Controlled by Frente Nacional para a Libertação de Angola (National Liberation Front of Angola) as part of independent Angola in 1975. Declared Cabinda a Republic in 1975, but not recognized by Portugal nor Angola.
• Cabo Verde/Cape Verde - settlements (1462-1495); dominion of crown colonies (1495-1587); crown colony (1587-1951); overseas province (1951-1974); autonomous republic (1974-1975). Independence in 1975.
• Ceuta - possession (1415-1640). Became Spanish in 1640.
• Elmina - possession (1482-1637)
• Fernando Póo and Annobón - colonies (1474-1778). Ceded to Spain in 1778.
• Portuguese Gold Coast - (1482-1642), ceded to Dutch Gold Coast in 1642
• Guiné Portuguesa/Portuguese Guinea - colony (1879-1951); overseas province (1951-1974). Unilateral independence declared in 1973, recognized by Portugal in 1974.
  • Cacheu - captaincy (1640-1879). United with Bissau in 1879.
  • Bissau - settlement under Cacheu (1687-1696); captaincy (1696-1707); abandoned (1707-1753); separate colony under Cape Verde (1753-1879). United with Cacheu in 1879.
• Madagascar - southern part (1496-1550)
• Madeira - possession (1418-1420); colony (1420-1580); crown colony (1580-1834); autonomous district (1834-1976). Made an autonomous region in 1976.
• Mascarene Islands - fortified post (1498-1540)
• Malindi - occupation (1500-1630)
• Mombassa - occupation (1593-1638); colony subordinate to Goa (1638-1698; 1728-1729). Under Omani sovereignty in 1729.
• Morocco enclaves
  • Aguz/Souira Guedima (1506-1525)
  • Alcacer Ceguer/El Qsar es Seghir (1458-1550)
  • Arzila/Asilah (1471-1550; 1577-1589). Restored to Morocco in 1589.
  • Azamor/Azemmour (1513-1541). City restored to Morocco in 1541.
  • Mazagan/El Jadida (1485-1550); possession (1506-1769). Incorporation into Morocco in 1769.
  • Mogador/Essaouira (1506-1510)
  • Safim/Safi (1488-1541)
  • Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué/Agadir (1505-1541)
• Mozambique/Portuguese East Africa) - possession (1498-1501); subordinate to Goa (1501-1569); captaincy-general (1569-1609); colony subordinate to Goa (1609-1752); colony (1752-1951); overseas province (1951-1971); state (1971-1974); local transitional administration (1974-1975). Independence in 1975.
• Quíloa (1505-1512)
• Saint Laurent Islands (Madagascar) - fortified post (1498-1540)
• São João Baptista de Ajudá - fort subordinate to Brazil (1721-1730); subordinate to São Tomé e Príncipe (1865-1869). Annexed by Dahomey in 1961.
• São Tomé e Príncipe - crown colony (1753-1951); overseas province (1951-1971); local administration (1971-1975). Independence in 1975.
  • São Tomé - Possession (1470-1485); colony (1485-1522); crown colony (1522-1641); administration under Dutch occupation (1641-1648). French occupation in 1648.
  • Príncipe - colony (1500-1573). United with São Tomé in 1573.
• Tangier - possession (1471-1662). Ceded to England in 1662.
• Zanzibar - possession (1503-1698). Became part of Oman in 1698.
• Ziguinchor - possession (1645-1888). Ceded to France in 1888.

[edit] North Atlantic

• Azores - colonies (1427-1766); captaincy-general (1766-1831); autonomous districts of Angra do Heroismo, Horta and Ponta Delgada (1831-1976). Made an autonomous region in 1976.

[edit] In Central & South America

• Barbados - Possession known as Os Barbados, discovered by Pedro Campos in 1536 being an exile post for Brazilian Jews. The only Caribbean possession the Portuguese held for eighty-four years until Portugal abandoned the island to continue exploring nearby Brazil.
• Brazil - possession known as Ilha de Santa Cruz, later Terra de Vera Cruz (1500-1530); colony (1530- 1714); vice-kingdom (1714-1815); kingdom under United Kingdom of Portugal (1815-1822), independence in 1822.
• Cisplatina (Uruguay) - occupation (1808-1822). Captaincy in 1817 (of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves). Adhered as a province of the new Empire of Brazil in 1822. Became independent 1827, changing its name to Uruguay.
• French Guiana - occupation (1809-1817). Restored to France in 1817.
• Nova Colônia do Sacramento - colony in present Uruguay (1680; 1683-1705; 1715-1777). Ceded to Spain in 1777.

[edit] In Asia & Oceania

• Bahrain - possession (1521-1602)
• Ceylon - colony (1597-1658). Dutch took control in 1656, Jaffna taken in 1658.
• Flores Island - possession (16th-19th century)
• Gamru/Bandar Abbas - possession (1506-1615)
• Hormuz/Ormuz - possession subordinate to Goa (1515-1622). Incorporated into Persia in 1622.
• Laccadive Islands (1498-1545)
• Macau/Macao - settlement (1553-1557), leased territory subordinated to Goa (1557-1844); overseas province (1844-1883); combined overseas province with Timor-Leste under Goa (1883-1951); overseas province (1951-1976); Chinese territory under Portuguese administration (1976-1999). Returned to full sovereignty of People's Republic of China) as a special administrative region in 1999.
  • Coloane - occupation in 1864
  • Taipa - occupation in 1851
  • Ilha Verde - incorporated in 1890
  • D. João, Lapa and Montanha Islands - settled by Portuguese missionaries in the XIX century; occupation by Portuguese troops in 1938. Taken in 1941 by the Empire of Japan and restored to China in 1945.
• Makassar (1512-1665)
• Malacca - settlement (1511-1641); lost to the Dutch
• Maldives - possession (1518-1521, 1558-1573)
• Moluccas
  • Amboina/Ambon - settlement (1576-1605)
  • Ternate - settlement (1522-1575)
  • Tidore - colony (1578-1605). Seized by Dutch in 1605.
• Muscat - possession (1515-1650)
• Índia Portuguesa/Portuguese India - overseas province (1946-1962). Taken over by India in 1962 and recognised by Portugal in 1974.
  • Baçaim/Vasai - possession (1535-1739)
  • Bombay/Mumbai - possession (1534-1661)
  • Calicut/Kozhikode - settlement (1512-1525)
  • Cambay/Khambhat - possession
  • Cannanore - possession (1502-1663)
  • Chaul - possession (1521-1740)
  • Chittagong - possession (1528-1666)
  • Cochin - possession (1500–1663)
  • Cranganore - possession (1536-1662)
  • Damão/Daman - acquisition in 1559. Became part of overseas province in 1946. Retaken over by India in Dec 1961.
  • Diu - acquisition in 1535. Became part of overseas province in 1946. Retaken over by India in Dec 1961.
  • Dadra - acquisition in 1779. Retaken over by India in 1954.
  • Goa - colony (1510-1946). Became part of overseas province in 1946. Retaken over by India in Dec 1961.
  • Hughli - possession (1579-1632)
  • Nagar Haveli - acquisition in 1779. Retaken over by India in 1954.
  • Masulipatnam (1598-1610)
  • Mangalore (1568-1659)
  • Negapatam/Nagapattinam (1507-1657)
  • Paliacate (1518-1610). occupied by the Dutch in 1610.
  • Coulão/Quilon - possession (1502-1661)
  • Salsette Island - possession (1534-1737). conquered by the Marathas.
  • São Tomé de Meliapore - settlement (1523-1662; 1687-1749)
  • Surat - settlement (1540-1612)
  • Tuticorin/Thoothukudi (1548-1658)
• Socotra - possession (1506-1511). Became part of Mahri Sultanate of Qishn and Suqutra
• Timor-Leste (East-Timor) - colony subordinate to Portuguese India (1642-1844); subordinate to Macau (1844-1896); separate colony (1896-1951); overseas territory (1951-1975); republic and unilateral independence proclaimed, annexed by Indonesia (1975-1999, UN recognition as Portuguese territory). UN administration from 1999 until independence in 2002.

v • d • e

Portuguese Empire

North Africa 

15th century 1415–1640  Ceuta 1420           Madeira 1458–1550  Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir) 1471–1550  Arzila (Asilah) 1471–1662  Tangier 1485–1550  Mazagan (El Jadida) 1488–1541  Safim (Safi)

16th century 1505–1769  Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (Agadir) 1506–1525  Mogador (Essaouira) 1506–1525  Aguz (Souira Guedima) 1506–1769  Mazagan (El Jadida) 1513–1541  Azamor (Azemmour) 1577–1589  Arzila (Asilah)

Sub-Saharan Africa 

15th century 1455–1633  Arguin 1470–1975  São Tomé1 1474–1778  Annobón 1478–1778  Fernando Póo (Bioko) 1482–1637  Elmina (São Jorge da Mina) 1482–1642  Portuguese Gold Coast 1496–1550  Madagascar (part) 1498–1540  Mascarene Islands	16th century 1500–1630  Malindi 1500–1975  Príncipe1 1501–1975  Portuguese E. Africa (Mozambique) 1502–1659  St. Helena 1503–1698  Zanzibar 1505–1512  Quíloa (Kilwa) 1506–1511  Socotra 1557–1578  Accra 1575–1975  Portuguese W. Africa (Angola) 1588–1974  Cacheu2 1593–1698  Mombassa (Mombasa)	17th century 1642–1975  Cape Verde 1645–1888  Ziguinchor 1680–1961  São João Baptista de Ajudá 1687–1974  Bissau2 18th century 1728–1729  Mombassa (Mombasa) 1753–1975  São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879–1974  Portuguese Guinea 1885–1975  Portuguese Congo (Cabinda)
1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753.   2 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879.

Southwest Asia 

16th century 1506–1615  Gamru (Bandar Abbas) 1515–1622  Hormuz (Ormus) 1515–1650  Muscat 1521–1602  Bahrain

Indian subcontinent 

15th century 1498–1545  Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep)

16th century Portuguese India    1500–1663  Cochim (Kochi)    1502–1661  Quilon (Coulão/Kollam)    1502–1663  Cannanore (Kannur)    1507–1657  Negapatam (Nagapattinam)    1510–1962  Goa    1512–1525  Calicut (Kozhikode)    1518–1619  Paliacate (Pulicat)    1521–1740  Chaul    1523–1662  São Tomé de Meliapore    1528–1666  Chittagong    1534–1601  Salsette Island    1534–1661  Bombay (Mumbai)    1535–1739  Baçaím (Vasai-Virar)    1536–1662  Cranganore (Kodungallur)    1540–1612  Surat    1548–1658  Tuticorin (Thoothukudi)    1559–1962  Daman and Diu    1568–1659  Mangalore    1579–1632  Hughli    1598–1610  Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) 1518–1521  Maldives 1518–1658  Ceilão (Ceylon/Sri Lanka) 1558–1573  Maldives

17th century Portuguese India    1687–1749  São Tomé de Meliapore 18th century Portuguese India    1779–1954  Dadra and Nagar Haveli

East Asia and Oceania 

	16th century 1511–1641  Malacca (Melaka) 1512–1621  Banda Islands 1512–1621  Moluccas (Maluku Islands)    1522–1575  Ternate    1576–1605  Ambon    1578–1650  Tidore 1512–1665  Makassar 1553–1999  Macau 1571–1639  Decima (Dejima, Nagasaki)	17th century 1642–1975  Portuguese Timor (East Timor)1 19th century Macau    1864–1999  Coloane    1851–1999  Taipa    1890–1999  Ilha Verde 20th century Macau    1938–1941  Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin)
1 1975 is the date of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, the independence of East Timor was recognized by Portugal and the rest of the world.

North America and the North Atlantic Ocean 

15th century 1432           Azores 1499–1526  Labrador

16th century 1500–1526  Nova Scotia 1500–1526  Terra Nova (Newfoundland)

Central and South America 

16th century 1500–1822  Brazil 1536–1620  Barbados

17th century 1680–1777  Nova Colônia do Sacramento 19th century 1808–1822  Cisplatina (Uruguay)

Portuguese colonization of the Americas