Europasaurus
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 Life restoration of Europasaurus holgeri.
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Extinct (fossil)
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| Europasaurus holgeri Mateus, Laven, & Knötschke vide Sander et al., 2006 |
Europasaurus (Sander et al., 2006) is a basal macronarian sauropod, a form of quadrapedal herbivorous dinosaur. It lived during the Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) of northern Germany, and has been identified as an example of insular dwarfism resulting from the isolation of a sauropod population on an island within the Lower Saxony basin. Remains of both adults and juveniles have been recovered from marine carbonate beds ("bed 93"), representing more than eleven individuals ranging from 1.7 to 6.2 meters in total body length. The genus name means "lizard from Europe" (Europe + Greek sauros = lizard), and the species is named in honor of Holger Lüdtke, who discovered the first fossils of the taxa. The holotype specimen (DFMMh/FV 291; Dinosaurier-Freilichtmuseum Münchehagen/Verein zur Förderung der Niedersächsischen Paläontologie) consists of portions of a disarticulated skull, along with cervical and sacral vertebrae, derived from a single individual. This specimen and all others referred to the taxon were collected from "bed 93" at the Langenberg quarry, Oker near Goslar, Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen).
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[edit] Phylogeny
A cladistic analysis of Europasaurus holgeri Mateus et al. 2006 (in Sander et al., 2006; p. 739) indicates that the species' dwarfism is a derived characteristic, and that this taxon is a more derived macronarian than Camarasaurus, and should be regarded as the sister group of the Brachiosauridae and all more derived members of the Titanosauriformes.
[edit] Dwarfism and Histology
Sander et al. (2006; p. 740) suggests that the ancestor of Europasaurus would have "dwarfed rapidly" after immigrating to a paleo-island, as even the largest of these islands in the Lower Saxony basin (a landmass <2,000 square kilometers) would not have possessed sufficient food for a population of large sauropods. Other examples of insular dwarfism among dinosaurs have been cited from the terminal Cretaceous of the Haţeg basin in Romania, namely the sauropod Magyarosaurus and the hadrosaur Telmatosaurus (Franz Nopcsa, 1914; Weishampel et al., 1991; Weishampel et al., 1993). In these three examples, paleogeography and paleoecology have been employed to explain the evolution of new and miniature versions of larger species.
These fossils were determined to represent a dwarf species, and not merely juveniles of a large macronarian species, by studying the histology of the fossil bones. Likewise, by comparing the long-bone histology of a typical large-bodied sauropod, Camarasaurus, paleontologists have concluded that the diminutive size of Europasaurus resulted from a decreased growth rate. This phenomenon is a reversal of the accelerated growth responsible for gigantism in other sauropod dinosaurs (Sander et al., 2006; p. 740). Dwarfism among macronarians seems especially remarkable as this clade includes some of the largest known dinosaurs, such as the brachiosaurs Brachiosaurus, Sauroposeidon, and Giraffatitan.
[edit] Diagnosis and Comparative Morphology
Sander et al. (2006; p. 739) note that Europasaurus holgeri exhibits the following unambiguous autapomorphic states: "nasal process of premaxillary projecting anterodorsally; medial notch is posterior dorsal margin of cervical vertebral centra; scapular acromion with a prominent posterior projection; and transverse width of astragalus twice its dorsoventral height and anteroposterior width." In comparing Europasaurus with Camarasaurus, Sander et al. (2006, p. 739) state that it differs "in the wing-shaped posterior process of the postorbital being slightly longer and wider than the anterior process, whereas it is much shorter in Camarasaurus." Other differences include Europasaurus' shorter nasal-frontal contact and a parietal bone which is rectangular in posterior view. Unlike Camarasaurus, the neural spines of the presacral vertebrae are undivided. In comparing Europasaurus with Brachiosaurus, Sander et al. (2006; p. 739), found that the former genus differs from the latter by having a shorter muzzle, a quadratojugal which makes contact with the squamosal, and an anteromedially flattened humerus possessing unaligned proximal and distal epiphyses. Europasaurus was also compared with the macronarians Lusotitan and "Cetiosaurus" humerocristatus and found to be distinct from both those forms. Finally, Europasaurus can be distinguished from most known members of the Neosauropoda by its very small adult body size.
[edit] References
- Mateus, O., Laven, T., and Knötschke, N. 2004. A dwarf between giants? A new late Jurassic sauropod from Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24(3):90A.
- Nopsca, F. 1914. Über das Vorkommen der Dinosaurier in Siebenbürgen. Ver. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien. 54:12-14.
- Sander, P. M., Laven, T. Mateus, O., et Knöetschke, N. 2004. Insular dwarfism in a brachiosaurid sauropod from the Upper Jurassic of Germany. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24(3):108A
- Sander, P. M., Mateus, O., Laven, T. et Knötschke, N. 2006. Bone histology indicates insular dwarfism in a new Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur. Nature 441: 739-741.
- Weishampel, D., Grigorescu, D. et Norman, D. B. 1991. The dinosaurs of Transsylvania. National Geographic Research 7:196-215.
- Weishampel, D., Norman, D. B. et Grigorescu, D. 1993. Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus from the Late Cretaceous of Romania: the most basal hadrosaurid dinosaur. Palaeontology 36:361-385.
