Esperanto and Ido compared
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This article attempts to highlight the main differences between Esperanto and Ido, two constructed languages that have a related past but have since parted ways. Ido was invented in the early 20th century after a schism between those who believed that Esperanto had inherent flaws that prevented it from being a suitable international auxiliary language, and those who believed that Esperanto was sufficient as it was, and that endless tinkering with a language would only weaken it in the end. For information on the languages themselves, see the links above.
The languages remain close, and to some extent mutually intelligible. An Italian play which was written with the dialog in two dialects of Italian was translated with Esperanto and Ido representing these two dialects. In the same manner in which dialects often serve as sources for new words through the literature of ethnic languages, so Ido has contributed many neologisms to Esperanto (especially in poetic substitutes for long words using the mal- prefix).
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[edit] Linguistic comparison
Esperanto is based on the Fundamento de Esperanto by L. L. Zamenhof, whereas the grammar of Ido is explained in the Kompleta Gramatiko Detaloza di la Linguo Internaciona Ido.
[edit] Morphology
Morphology is where one of the largest differences between the two languages can be seen. Both languages have the same grammatical rules concerning nouns (ending with -o), adjectives (ending with -a) and many other aspects. However, the relationship between nouns, verbs and adjectives underwent a number of changes with Ido, based on the principle of reversibility. In both languages one can see a direct relationship between the words multa "many" and multo "a multitude" by simply replacing the adjectival -a with a nominal -o, or the other way around.
Some minor differences include the loss of adjectival agreement, and the change of the plural from an agglutinative -j tacked onto the end to a synthetic replacement of the terminal -o with an -i. Hence, Esperanto belaj hundoj ("beautiful dogs") becomes Ido bela hundi. Ido also does away with the direct object ending -n in sentences where the subject precedes the object, so Esperanto mi amas la belajn hundojn ("I love the beautiful dogs") would in Ido become me amas la bela hundi.
However, Esperantists claim that the Esperanto adjective / noun agreement makes possible greater freedom of word order and somewhat greater redundancy. English and Esperanto actually have about the same amount of redundancy here[citation needed], English because of its third-person verb conjugation and Esperanto because of noun-adjective agreement; Ido, which has neither, does not have that redundancy.
Greater differences arise, however, with the derivations of many words. For example, in Esperanto, the noun krono means "a crown", and by replacing the nominal o with a verbal i one derives the verb kroni "to crown". However, if one were to begin with the verb kroni, "to crown", and replace the verbal i with a nominal o to create a noun, the resulting meaning would not be "a coronation", but rather the original "crown". This is because the root kron- is inherently a noun: With the nominal ending -o the word simply means the thing itself, whereas with the verbal -i it means an action performed with the thing. To get the name for the performance of the action, it is necessary to use the suffix -ado, which retains the verbal idea. Thus it is necessary to know which part of speech each Esperanto root belongs to.
Ido introduced a number of suffixes in an attempt to clarify the morphology of a given word, so that the part of speech of the root would not need to be memorized. In the case of the word krono "a crown", the suffix -izar "to cover with" is added to create the verb kronizar "to crown". From this verb it is possible to remove the verbal -ar and replace it with a nominal -o, creating the word kronizo "a coronation". By not allowing a noun to be used directly as a verb, as in Esperanto, Ido verbal roots can be recognized without the need to memorize them.
However, this solution is only partial, and with other derivations it is still necessary to know the parts of speech of Ido roots. The main difference is that Ido corresponds more overtly to the expectations of the Romance languages, whereas Esperanto is more heavily influenced by Slavic semantics. This aspect of Esperanto had been simply assumed by its inventor, and had not been made explicit when Ido was created.
[edit] Vocabulary
Although both Esperanto and Ido share a large amount of the same vocabulary, there are many important differences. Ido uses the twenty-six letter Latin alphabet in its entirety without any special characters or diacritics. Conversely, Esperanto eliminates the "unnecessary" letters "q", "w", "x", and "y"; and adds "ĉ", "ĝ", "ĥ, "ĵ", "ŝ" and "ŭ". Aside from these minor spelling differences, Ido aims to correct what were perceived as deficiencies in Esperanto.
However, Ido lacks the one-to-one correspondence between letters and phonemes that Esperanto has, using the three digraphs qu, sh and ch. One-to-one correspondence has been used by almost all planned languages to ease the learning. Esperanto speakers, however, are allowed to use "cx", "gx", "hx, "jx", "sx" and "ux" as digraphs, by the Fundamento, although they prefer not to when they can avoid it. Dr Zamenhof used "ch", "gh", "hh", "jh", "sh", and "u". It was the advent of computers that substituted the letter "x" since it does not exist in Esperanto.
[edit] Internationality
The creators of Ido felt that much of Esperanto was either not internationally recognizable, or unnecessarily deformed. Ido aims to fix these with more "international" or "corrected" roots. This can sometimes be at the expense of Esperanto's simplified word building process. Below are some examples in first Esperanto then Ido with English, French, German, Italian and Spanish for linguistic comparison:
| Esperanto | Ido | English | French | German | Italian | Spanish |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bubalo | bufalo | buffalo | buffle | Büffel | bufalo | búfalo |
| ĉelo | celulo | cell | cellule | Zelle | cellula | célula |
| ĉirkaŭ | cirkum | around | autour de | ungefähr/circa | circa | alrededor |
| dediĉi | dedikar | to dedicate | dédier | widmen | dedicare | dedicar |
| edzo | spoz(ul)o | husband | époux | Ehemann | sposo | esposo |
| elasta | elastika | elastic | élastique | elastisch | elastico | elástico |
| estonteco | futuro | future | futur | Zukunft | futuro | futuro |
| kaj | e(d) | and | et | und | e(d) | y/e |
| lernejo | skolo | school | école | Schule | scuola | escuela |
| limo | limito | limit | limite | Limit | limite | límite |
| maĉi | mastikar | to chew | mâcher | kauen | masticare | masticar |
| mencii | mencionar | to mention | mentionner | erwähnen | menzionare | mencionar |
| nacio | naciono | nation | nation | Nation | nazione | nación |
| penti | repentar | to repent | repentir | bereuen | pentirsi | arrepentirse |
| ŝipo | navo | ship | bateau/navire | Schiff | barca | barco/nave/navio |
| taĉmento | detachmento | detachment | détachement | Trennung | distaccamento | destacamento |
| vipuro | vipero | viper | vipère | Viper | vipera | víbora |
Note that four of the languages chosen in this chart are romance languages and that English has also had large influences from French and Latin. In comparison, Esperanto is somewhat more influenced by German vocabulary and Slavic semantics and has more priority over word compounding by affixes.
[edit] Affixes
Ido claims the prefix mal- (creating a word with the exact opposite meaning) in Esperanto to be overused as a prefix, and also that it can be inappropriate since it has negative meanings in many languages, and proposes des- as an alternative in some cases. Ido also uses a series of opposite words in lieu of a prefix. For example, instead of malbona ("bad", the opposite of bona, "good"), Ido uses mala, or instead of mallonga ("short", the opposite of longa, "long"), kurta. Listening comprehension was also given as a reason: the primary Ido grammar book states that one reason for the adoption of the Latin-based sinistra for "left" instead of maldextra (mal- plus the word dextra, or dekstra for "right") is that often only the last one or two syllables can be heard when shouting commands.
Ido does not assume male gender in a word. For example, frato means "brother" in Esperanto, but "sibling" in Ido. Ido uses the suffixes -ino ("female", used as in Esperanto) and -ulo ("male", not to be confused with the same Esperanto suffix which means "person"). Thus "sister" would be fratino (the same as Esperanto), but brother, fratulo . Some groups use three separate words: patro ("father"), matro ("mother") and genitoro ("parent"). Compare this with Esperanto patro, patrino and gepatroj respectively. The last is especially difficult in Esperanto, since the prefix ge- means "both genders together" and is inherently plural, thus rendering "parents" instead of "parent". One might say unu el la gepatroj, "one (out) of the parents". There is however a non official suffix in Esperanto that means "male": -iĉo- (see "Esperanto vocabulary#Gender").
[edit] Correlatives
Ido does not use the regularized table of correlatives as Esperanto, but uses Latin-derived roots, so Esperanto, kio equals Ido quo, "what"; Esperanto tie, equals Ido ibe, "there", etc.
[edit] Proper nouns
Esperanto may or may not "Esperantize" names and proper nouns, depending on many factors. Most standard European names have equivalents, as do many major cities and all nations. Ido, on the other hand, treats most proper nouns as foreign words, and does not render them into Ido.
[edit] Personal names
As stated above, most European given names have Esperanto equivalents: "John" is Johano, "Alexander" is Aleksandro, etc. Because some cultures place the surname first before the given name and others last after it, it is the practice of some Esperanto writers to give surnames in all capital letters, although it is unusual to find this in publications. "John Smith" would thus be rendered "John SMITH" or "Johano SMITH" in the first mention. Most non-Western names do not have equivalents and are rendered as close as possible in Esperanto orthography.
Ido, on the other hand, simply leaves the names as is; "John Smith" would be "John Smith" in Ido. Names from languages with non-Latin scripts are rendered as phonetically as possible. Ido does not capitalize surnames.
[edit] Place names
Most countries have their own names in Esperanto. The system of derivation, though, is sometimes complex. In Old World nations, where the country is named after an ethnic group, the main root means a person of that group: anglo is an Englishman, franco is a Frenchman. Originally, names of nations were created by the addition of the suffix -ujo (container), hence England and France would be rendered Anglujo and Francujo respectively (literally, "a container full of Englishmen/Frenchmen"). More recently, Esperanto has adopted -io as the national suffix, thus creating names more inline with standard international practice (and less odd-looking): Anglio, Francio.
In the New World, where citizens are named for their nation, the name of the nation is the main word, and its inhabitants are derived from that: Kanado ("Canada"), kanadano ("Canadian").
Names of cities may or may not have an Esperanto equivalent: Londono for London, Nov-Jorko for New York. Place names which lack wide-spread recognition, or which would be mangled beyond recognition usually remain in their native form: Cannes is usually rendered as "Cannes".
In Ido, country names must conform to the language's orthography but otherwise are left unchanged: Europa, Peru, Amerika. City names are treated as foreign words (London), except when part of the name itself is a regular noun or adjective: Nov-York (Nov for nova, or "new", but the place name York is not changed as in Esperanto "Nov-Jorko"). This is not a hard and fast rule, however, and New York is also acceptable, similar to writing Köln for the city of Cologne in Germany. South Carolina becomes Sud-Karolina, much in the same way that a river called the "Schwarz River" is not transcribed as the "Black River" in English even though schwarz is the German word for black. However, less well-known place names are generally left alone, so a small town by the name of "Battle River" for example would be written the same way, and not transcribed as "Batalio-rivero". This is because transcribing a little-known place name would make it nearly impossible to find in the original language.
[edit] Number of speakers
The most reliable estimate for the number of Esperanto speakers is around 1.6 million, though estimates vary widely. In the same manner estimates for the number of Ido speakers are far from accurate, but 500 to a few thousand is most likely. It is also important to note the distinction between the number of speakers compared to the number of supporters; the two languages resemble each other enough that a few weeks of study will enable one to understand the other with little difficulty, and there are a number of people that have learned Ido out of curiosity but prefer to support the larger Esperanto movement and vice versa. The number of participants at the respective international conferences is also much different: Esperanto conferences average 2000 to 3000 participants every year whereas Ido conferences have had anywhere from 13 to 25 participants over the last decade. Each language also has a number of regional conferences during the year on a much less formal basis, and with smaller numbers.
[edit] History
- This section attempts to chronicle the history of the Esperanto and Ido movements in relationship to one another. For individual histories of the languages, please see: History of Esperanto and History of Ido.
The history of Esperanto and its relationship to Ido is one filled with perceived rivalry and betrayal as well as a good amount of misunderstanding. Many Esperantists have felt betrayed by the Ido movement, and many Idists feel their language doesn't get the respect it deserves.
In 1900 Louis Couturat, after initial correspondences with Esperanto-founder L. L. Zamenhof created the Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language. In 1907 in Vienna, the Delegation met to chose an international auxiliary language to give its approval from among the many candidates which had crept up. Most Esperantists assumed Esperanto would be an easy win. However, when Couturat presented his own pet project, a series of reforms to Esperanto which would eventually become Ido, and demanded an answer within a month, many in the Esperanto movement felt betrayed. Some Esperantists even accuse Couturat and his colleague Marquis Louis de Beaufront of a conspiracy saying the International Delegation was simply a front to put forth Ido.
Idists tend to see things differently. They note that many of the changes Ido made to Esperanto were those originally proposed by Zamenhof's Reformed Esperanto, which were ultimately rejected by the majority of the language's speakers. Idists perceived that Esperanto was flawed in many ways, and that rather than a conspiracy against the language, the proposals put forward by Courutat were simply improvements which were sorely needed.
[edit] Language samples for comparison
Here is the Lord's Prayer in both languages:
Esperanto version:
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Ido version:
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[edit] See also
- Ido
- Esperanto and Interlingua compared
- Esperanto and Novial compared
- Ido and Interlingua compared
- Ido and Novial compared
[edit] References
[edit] External links
- Fundamento de Esperanto
- Kompleta Gramatiko di la Linguo Internaciona Ido (187-page PDF file.)
- Which IAL? A comparison of the two languages and others by a supporter of both and the IAL concept in general.
- Ido-Esperanto Dictionary
- Esperanto-Ido Dictionary
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