ES EVM

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ES EVM (ЕС ЭВМ, Единая система электронных вычислительных машин, meaning "Unified System of Electronic Computers") was a series of clones of IBM's System/360, System/370 and System/390 mainframes, released in the Comecon countries under the initiative of the Soviet Union since 1960s; the production was continued till 1998. The total number of ES EVM mainframes produced was in excess of 15,000.

In the period since 1986 till 1997 there were also produced a series of PC-compatible desktop computers, called ПЭВМ ЕС ЭВМ (Personal Computers of ES EVM series); the newer versions of these computers are still produced under a different name on a very limited scale in Minsk.

In 1966 the Soviet economists suggested to create a unified series of mutually compatible computers. Due to the success of the IBM System/360 in the USA, the economy planners decided to utilize the IBM design, although some prominent Soviet computer scientists had criticized the idea and suggested instead to choose one of the Soviet indigenous designs, such as БЭСМ or Minsk. The first works on the cloning began in 1968; production started in 1972. In addition, since 1968 other Comecon countries joined the project.

Contrary to the popular myth, the Soviet engineers did not "use the IBM technology, stolen by the KGB". During 1960s-1970s, a number of other companies, such as Amdahl, Siemens and Hitachi, had also cloned the IBM architecture without IBM's approval. With the exception of just a few hardware pieces, the ES machines were recognized in the Western countries as independently designed, based on legitimate Soviet patents [1]. Unlike the hardware, which was quite original, mostly created by reverse-engineering, much of the software were based on slightly modified and localized IBM code. In 1974-1976 IBM had contacted the Soviet authorities and expressed interest in ES EVM development; however, after the invasion of the Soviet Army in Afghanistan, in 1979, all contacts between IBM and ES developers were interrupted, due to the US embargo on technological cooperation with the USSR.

Due to the CoCom's restrictions, much of the software localization was done through disassembling the IBM software, with some minimal modification.The most common operating system was ОС ЕС (OS ES), a modified version of OS/360; the later versions of ОС ЕС were very original and different from of the IBM OSes, but they also included a lot of the original IBM code. There were even anecdotal rumors among the Soviet programmers, that this supposedly Soviet operating system contained some secret command, which outputs the American national anthem. Today some of the Russian institutes that have worked on ES EVM are cooperating with IBM to continue legacy support for both genuine IBM mainfraimes and the ES EVM systems.

The ES EVM were developed in Moscow, at the Scientific-Research Center for Electronic Computer Machinery (НИЦЭВТ), in Yerevan, and later in Minsk, Belarus, at the Scientific-Research Institute of Electronic Computer Machines (НИИ ЭВМ), and manufactured in Minsk, at Minsk Production Group for Computing Machinery (Минское производственное объединение вычислительной техники (МПО ВТ)). Some models had been also produced in other countries of the Eastern bloc: Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and the GDR; some peripheral devices were also produced in Cuba.

The ES computers were produced in subseries, known as Ряд 1, Ряд 2, Ряд 3, Ряд 4 (Ryad means series).

1 Hardware Models and Technical Details
2 Criticism
3 See also
4 Notes
5 External links

[edit] Hardware Models and Technical Details

The first subseries (ЕС ЭВМ-1) of the ES EVM, released in 1969-1978, included the models 1010, 1020, 1030, 1040 and 1050, which were analogous to System/360 and operated at 10-450 kIPS, and the more rare and advanced versions, incompatible with the IBM mainframes: 1022, 1032, 1033 and 1052. The electronics of the first models were based on TTL curcuits; the later machines used ECL-type design. ES 1050 had up to 1M RAM and 64-bit floating point registers. The fastest machine of the series, ES 1052, developed in 1978, was operating at 700 kIPS.

The second subseries, released in 1977-1978, included the models 1015, 1025, 1035, 1045, 1055 and 1060, analogous to System/370 and operated at 33 kIPS - 1.050 MIPS. ES 1060 had up to 8M RAM.

The third subseries, released in 1984, were analogous to System/390, and included 1016, 1026, 1036, 1046 and 1066. ES 1066 had up to 16M RAM and operated at 5.5 MIPS. The fourth subseries were also more or less similar to System/390 and included 1130, 1181 and 1220. The last machine in the series, ES 1220, released in 1995, supported a number of 64-bit CPU commands, 256M RAM and operated at 7 MIPS, but was not successful; only 20 such machines were ever produced, and in 1998 the whole production of ES mainframes was stopped.

Today, most ES machines have been taken apart or replaced by used IBM mainframes, though a few are still in operation.

[edit] Criticism

The ES EVM hardware was generally less advanced and less stable, than that of IBM. The adoption of the copied IBM/360, accompanied by the downsizing of the original research and development eventually crippled the Soviet computer industry.^{[citation needed]}