Eriogonum parvifolium
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 E. parvifolium
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| Eriogonum parvifolium |
Eriogonum parvifolium is a species in the Polygonaceae family that occurs on dune formations in the coastal area of Central and Southern California. This evergreen shrub grows to a height of 30 to 100 centimeters with a spread of approximately the same dimension.[1] This plant is an important host for a number of pollinating insects including certain endangered species. E. parvifolium occurs both on bluffs along the Pacific Ocean coast as well as Coastal Strand dunes formations, but is restricted to altitudes below 700 meters. In at least one instance within the Carbonera Creek watershed, it occurs farther inland in a Maritime Coast Range Ponderosa Pine forest.[2] This shrub is also known by the common names Dune buckwheat, Coast buckwheat or Cliff buckwheat.
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[edit] Morphology
The thick cauline leaves are five to thirty millimeters in size and may be lanceolate to rounded.[3] Alternatively leaves may be folded under, with the result of appearing more or less triangular; moreover they are smooth on the upper surfaces and woolly below. Foliage is green with reddish tinge, and the flowers white to pinkish or yellowish-green. The perianth measures 2.5 to 3.0 millimeters. This plant's glabrous fruits are 2.5 to 3.0 millimeters across.
[edit] Ecology
E. parvifolium grows in sandy soils with pH ranging from five to eight (e.g. tolerates mildly acidic to mildly alkaline soils). In cultivation this species will actually tolerate clay soils.[4] While this shrub grows in part to full sun, it may tolerate shade in cultivation. It is not subject to herbivory by deer, although many smaller fauna will consume its flowers, fruits and leaves. This species thrives in rainfall regimes of 39 to 78 centimeters per annum.
Dune buckwheat is the host plant to a large variety of insects, and thus there is intense competition among various insects. Specifically it is a host plant to ten different Lepidoptera species, including the El Segundo blue butterfly and Smith's blue butterfly; moreover, in the case of the El Segundo blue, it is the only host plant used by that species in all of its life stages.
[edit] Conservation
Because of the host relationship to number of insect species, E. parvifolium has been the subject of numerous restoration programs including a significant and well researched program at Los Angeles International Airport, one of only three extant colonies of the El Segundo blue.[5] This study at Los Angeles International Airport addressed aggressive seeding of the dunes habitat to provide more host plants for the El Segundo blue. While the initial seeding promoted much more extensive growth of E. parvifolium, it also led to even greater numbers of other insect host plants. The initial upshot was then preferential population growth of other insects who are more successive opportunistic users of the palette of new dunes growth; the explosive growth of other insects in turn served to provide more competition to the El Segundo blue, whose population actually declined. Once the researchers understood such a scenario, they pursued a course of selective seeding of local ecotype seed emphasizing E. parvifollium.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Eriogonum parvifolium: Summary profile and photos
- ^ Environmental Impact Report for the Scotts Valley Redeveopment Area, Earth Metrics Incorporated, State of California Clearinghouse Report 7888 (1990)
- ^ "Eriogonum parvifolium":Jepson Manual, University of California Press
- ^ Eriogonum parvifolium preferences in the wild and under cultivation
- ^ Travis Longcore et al., On the perils of ecological restoration and the El Segundo blue butterfly
