Erik Laxman
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Erik Laxman (Russian: Эрик (Кирилл) Густавович Лаксман) (July 27, 1737 - January 6, 1796) was a Finnish-Swedish clergyman, explorer and natural scientist born in Nyslott in Finland, then part of Sweden. He is remembered today for his taxonomic work on the fauna of Siberia and for his attempts to establish relations between Imperial Russia and Tokugawa Japan.
In 1757, Laxman started his studies at the Academy of Åbo and was subsequently ordained a priest in St. Petersburg, the capital of Russia. In 1764, he was appointed as a preacher in a small parish in Barnaul in central Siberia, whence he undertook a number of exploratory journeys, reaching Irkutsk, Baikal, Kiakhta and the border to China. His collection of material on the fauna of Siberia made him famous in scientific circles and in 1770, he was appointed professor of chemistry and economy at the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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[edit] Irkutsk
In 1780, Laxman settled in Irkutsk, where he would spend much of the rest of his life.[1] In 1782, Laxman founded a museum in Irkutsk, which is the oldest in Siberia.[2] Laxman also ran a glass factory in a suburb of Irkutsk, around 6 versts(24 kilometers) away from the center of the city; the factory was roughly 36 metres (20 ken) square. Products were not only sold domestically, but also to northeastern China.
Although he had many connections to local people of importance, Laxman developed an antagonistic relationship with Grigory Shelikhov, a seafarer and merchant. Laxman noticed that Shelikhov, along with the Irkutsk Governor-General's Office had tried to pressure Daikokuya Kōdayū, a Japanese castaway, into staying in Russia and serving as a translator for the merchant. The fact that Shelikhov also had strong connections with some Russian bureaucrats made the situation more complex. After Laxman went to St.Petersburg on Kodayu's behalf, he began to send letters directly to Grand Chancellor Alexander Bezborodko (due to the Chancellor's high position, the use of intermediaries was normally required).
[edit] Japan
[edit] Carl Peter Thunberg
Laxman already had some knowledge about Japan before he met Japanese castaways, reading books written by Carl Peter Thunberg, with whom Laxman had some communication.
[edit] Daikokuya Kodayu
In 1789, while doing research in Irkutsk, Laxman came across six Japanese who had been found in Amchitka, one of the Aleutian Islands, by Russian furriers whose leader was a person called Nivizimov. Laxman escorted the castaways to St. Petersburg, where Daikokuya Kodayu, their nominal leader, pleaded with Empress Catherine the Great to be allowed to return to Japan. During this stay in the capital, Laxman began discussions on various matters with Alexander Bezborodko, but succumbed to a bout of typhoid fever which left him incapacitated for three months.
Laxman recovered consiousness in early May when Catherine had just moved to Tsarskoye Selo for the summer. Laxman sent Kodayu to Tsarskoye Selo ahead of him, and Kodayu was able to meet with the Empress several times over six months, as a result of Laxman's dedicated efforts among the Russian bureaucracy, especially with Alexander Bezborodko and chancellor Alexander Vorontsov. At each presentation at Tsarskoye Selo, Laxman walked along with Kodayu in order to assist him in the proper etiquette required in the Empress' presence.
In 1791, Catherine agreed to a plan conceived by Laxman, under which Laxman's son, Lt. Adam Laxman would command a voyage to Japan, where he would exchange the castaways for economic agreements and concessions. Grigory Shelikhov had proposed another plan that would make the Japanese castaways Russian citizens so that they would be Japanese teachers and translators, but Catherine chose Laxman and Bezborodko's plan. The elder Laxman remained in Russia while his son traveled with the castaways.
[edit] Letters to Japanese scholars
Laxman wrote letters to two Japanese scholars, Nakagawa Junan(ja:中川淳庵) and Katsuragawa Hoshu(ja:桂川甫周), at the recommendation of Carl Peter Thunberg, their teacher. There is no record that the letters ever reached the scholars, even though Adam Laxman handed the letters to Ishikawa Tadafusa, a staff member of Tokugawa Shogunate, in Matsumae. Erik Laxman had showed Kodayu the letters before Kodayu left Okhotsk. Katsuragawa Hoshu had lots of communication with Kodayu after Kodayu lived in Yedo so Hoshu edited some books on Russia and Kodayu's experience. It would be possible to think that Hoshu may have known that Laxman had sent him a letter.
[edit] His family
Laxman had a wife, Yekaterina Ivanvna, five sons, Gustav, Adam, one who died young, Afernaci and Martin and a daughter Mariya. He also lived with his younger brother, his wife and their two daughters, Anna and Elizabeta. Laxman also had another younger brother, who lived in St. Petersburg.
[edit] Footnotes
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Lagus, Wilhelm. Erik Laxman: hans lefnad, resor, forskningar och brefvexling. Helsingfors, 1880.
- McDougall, Walter (1993). Let the Sea Make a Noise: Four Hundred Years of Cataclysm, Conquest, War and Folly in the North Pacific. New York: Avon Books.
- Katsuragawa, Hoshu. Hokusa-bunryaku, 1794.
- Daikokuya, Kodayu. Logbook, 1783-1792
- Yamashita, Tsuneo. Daikokuya Kodayu, 2004.
