Enoch Powell

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Simon Heffer's biography of Enoch Powell, published in 1999

John Enoch Powell, MBE, PC, (June 16, 1912 – February 8, 1998) was a right-wing British politician and Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) between 1950 and February 1974, and an Ulster Unionist MP between October 1974 and 1987. Controversial throughout his career, his tenure in senior office was brief. He held controversial views on issues such as race, national identity, immigration, and the United Kingdom's entry into the European Economic Community, which later became the European Union.

1 Life
2 Personality
3 Racist demagogue or lost Prime Minister?
4 Powell in popular culture
5 Notes
6 Bibliography
7 Powell's writings
8 See also
9 External links

[edit] Life

[edit] Early years

Powell was born and raised in Birmingham, England, the son of two schoolteachers. From King Edward's School, Birmingham he became a student of Classics, specifically Latin and Greek (which would later influence his 'Rivers of Blood' speech), and became one of the few students in the school's history to attain 100% in an end-of-year English examination. He completed his education at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he obtained a double first and fell under the powerful influence of A. E. Housman. He was later appointed Professor of Greek at Sydney University aged 25. Amongst his pupils was the future Prime Minister of Australia Gough Whitlam. He revised Stuart-Jones edition of Thucydides' Historiae for the Oxford University Press in 1938. His most lasting contribution to classical scholarship was his Lexicon to Herodotus (1938). Powell's achievement in other languages is typified by a (jointly undertaken) edition of an important Welsh legal text.

As well as his education at Cambridge, Powell took a course in Urdu at the School of Oriental Studies, now the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, when he was MP for Wolverhampton to enable him to better represent any constituents from India who did not speak English. ^[1]

While Powell was in Australia as a professor, he grew increasingly angry at the appeasement of Germany and what he saw as a betrayal of British national interests. In a letter to his parents in June 1939, before the outbreak of war, Powell writes:

"It is the English, not their Government; for if they were not blind cowards, they would lynch Chamberlain and Halifax and all the other smarmy traitors".^[2]

Immediately upon the outbreak of war, Powell returned to England, although not before buying a Russian dictionary, since he thought 'Russia would hold the key to our survival and victory, as it had in 1812 and 1916'. ^[3]

[edit] War years

During World War II, Powell enlisted in the Royal Warwickshire Regiment, almost a month after returning home. Powell enlisted in the ranks as an Australian. In later years he recorded his promotion from private to lance-corporal in his "Who's Who" entry, on other occasions describing it as a greater promotion than entering the Cabinet. He was trained for a commission after, whilst working in a kitchen, answering the question of an inspecting officer with a Greek proverb. Though he served in Africa with the Desert Rats, Powell never actually saw combat, serving for most of his military career as a staff officer. It was here in Algiers that the seed of Powell's dislike of the United States was planted. After talking with some senior American officials, he became convinced that one of America's main war aims was to destroy the British Empire. Writing home on the 16th February 1943, Powell said: "I see growing on the horizon the greater peril than Germany or Japan ever were...our terrible enemy, America...".^[4]

Powell's conviction of the anti-Britishness of the Americans continued during the war. Powell cut out and retained all his life an article from the Statesman newspaper of the 13th November 1943, in which the American Clare Boothe Luce said in a speech that Indian independence would mean that the "USA will really have won the greatest war in the world for democracy".^[5]

Powell desperately wanted to go to the Far East to help the fight against Japan because 'the war in Europe is won now, and I want to see the flag back in Singapore' before, Powell thought, the Americans beat Britain to it.^[6]

By the end of the war, he was the youngest Brigadier in the British army, having started off as a Private. Powell felt guilty at the end of the war for having survived when many of those he had met during his journey through the ranks had not. When he was once asked how he would like to be remembered, he at first answered "Others will remember me as they will remember me", but when pressed he replied "I should like to have been killed in the war."^[7]

[edit] Conservative Party

Though he voted for the Labour Party in their 1945 landslide victory, because he wanted to punish the Conservative party for the Munich agreement, after the war, he joined the Tories and worked for the Conservative Research Department, where one of his colleagues was Iain Macleod. After unsuccessfuly contesting the Labour Party's ultra-safe seat of Normanton at a by-election in 1947 (when the Labour majority was 62%),^[8] he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Wolverhampton South West in the 1950 general election.

Powell was a member of the Suez Group of MPs who were against the removal of British troops from the Suez Canal because such a move would demonstrate, Powell argued, that Britain could no longer maintain a position there and that any claim to the Suez Canal would therefore be illogical. However after the troops had left in 1954 and the Egyptians nationalized the Canal in 1956, Powell opposed the British attempts to retake the Canal because he thought the British no longer had the resources to be a world power.

He worked in Housing and then as Financial Secretary to the Treasury but in 1958 resigned along with Peter Thorneycroft and Nigel Birch in protest at the government's plans for increased expenditure; he was a staunch monetarist and believer in market forces. (Powell was also a member of the Mont Pelerin Society.) The by-product of this expenditure was the printing of extra money to pay for it all, which Powell believed (and is now widely accepted) to be a major cause of inflation, and in effect a form of taxation, as the holders of money find their money is worth less. Inflation rose to 2.5%; a high figure for the era, especially in peacetime.

Powell returned to government in July 1960 when he was appointed to the post of Minister for Health, albeit outside the Cabinet but this changed in 1962. In this post which he was responsible for promoting an ambitious ten year programme of general hospital building and for commencing the run down of the huge psychiatric institutions. In his famous 1961 "Water Tower" speech, he said:

"There they stand, isolated, majestic, imperious, brooded over by the gigantic water-tower and chimney combined, rising unmistakable and daunting out of the countryside - the asylums which our forefathers built with such immense solidity to express the notions of their day. Do not for a moment underestimate their powers of resistance to our assault. Let me describe some of the defences which we have to storm".[1]

The speech catalysed a debate that was one of several strands leading to the Care in the Community initiative of the 1980s.

Later, he oversaw the employment of a large number of Commonwealth immigrants by the understaffed National Health Service. Prior to this, many non-white immigrants who held full rights of citizenship in Britain were often obliged to take the jobs that no one else wanted (eg. street cleansing, night-shift assembly production lines), often paid considerably less than their white counterparts.

Along with Iain Macleod, Powell refused to serve in the cabinet position following the appointment of Alec Douglas-Home as prime minister. Following the Conservatives' defeat in the 1964 general election he agreed to return to the front bench as Transport spokesman. In 1965, he stood in the first ever party leadership election, but came a distant third to Edward Heath, who appointed him Shadow Secretary of State for Defence.

In a controversial speech on May 26, 1967 Powell criticised Britain's post-war world role:

"In our imagination the vanishing last vestiges... of Britain's once vast Indian Empire have transformed themselves into a peacekeeping role on which the sun never sets. Under God's good Providence and in partnership with the United States, we keep the peace of the world and rush hither and thither containing Communism, putting out brush fires and coping with subversion. It is difficult to describe, without using terms derived from psychiatry, a notion having so few points of contact with reality".^[9]

[edit] Rivers of Blood speech

Main article: Rivers of Blood speech

Powell was noted for his oratorical skills, and for being a maverick who cared little about what harm he did to his party - or himself. On Saturday April 20, 1968 he made a controversial speech in Birmingham, in which he warned his audience of what he believed would be the consequences of continued immigration from the Commonwealth to Britain. Because of its allusion to Virgil saying that the Tiber would foam with blood, Powell's warning was christened the "Rivers of Blood speech" by the press, and the name stuck.

The central political issue addressed by the speech was not however immigration as such. It was instead the introduction by the Labour Government of anti-discrimination legislation which would prohibit discrimination on the grounds of race in certain areas of British life, particularly housing. Powell found this legislation offensive and immoral.

One feature of his speech was the extensive quotation of a letter he had received detailing the experiences of one of his constituents in Wolverhampton. The writer described the fate of an elderly woman who was supposedly the last white person living in her street. She had repeatedly refused applications from non-whites requiring rooms-to-let, which resulted in her being called a racist outside her home and receiving excreta through her letterbox. Despite combing the electoral register and other sources, the editor of the local newspaper Clem Jones (a close friend of Powell's, who broke off relations with him over the controversy) and his journalists failed to identify the woman. Powell refused to name her because he felt it was right to respect her confidentiality, even to the point of withdrawing from a libel action against a national newspaper (see below). After Powell's death Kenneth Nock, a Wolverhampton solicitor, wrote to the Express and Star in April 1998 to claim that his firm had acted for the woman in question and to confirm that she existed but that he could not name her due to rules concerning client confidentiality.^[10] In January 2007, the BBC Radio Four programme Document, followed by the Daily Mail, identified the lady as Druscilla Cotterill, who died in 1978.^[11] The speech was delivered while the 1968 Race Relations Bill (later Act) was making its way through parliament, which was to make racial discrimination in housing illegal.

Heath sacked Powell from his Shadow Cabinet the day after the speech and Powell never held another senior political post. Powell received almost 120,000 (predominantly positive) letters and a Gallup poll at the end of April showed that 74% of those asked agreed with what Powell had said in his speech. The Sunday Times received a libel writ from Powell for branding his speeches as "racialist", but also gained a court order for disclosure of the letters he had received to demonstrate the validity of their defence. Powell dropped the libel action as a consequence of the court order.

Three days after the speech, as the Race Relations Bill was being debated in the House of Commons 1,000 dockers marched on Westminster protesting at Powell's apparent "victimisation", and the next day, 400 meat porters from Smithfield market handed in a ninety-two page petition in support of Powell.

Some suspected that Powell was set up - TV cameras were not known to turn up at meetings of the West Midlands branch of the Conservative Political Centre, and some believe that Heath wanted Powell to take the blame for his party taking a tougher line on immigration later that year. Conversely, Powell had issued an advance copy of his speech to the media and their appearance at the speech may have been due to the fact that they realised the content was explosive. ^[12]

Badge supporting Powell's views.

[edit] Slogan: "Enoch was right"

In the United Kingdom, particularly in England, "Enoch was right" is a phrase of political rhetoric, employed generally by the far right, inviting comparison of aspects of contemporary English society with predictions made by Powell in the Rivers of Blood speech. The phrase implies criticism of immigration and multiculturalism.

[edit] An unusual Conservative?

Powell's popularity appeared to contribute to the Conservatives' surprise General Election win in 1970, which showed a late surge in Conservative support in the West Midlands, near Powell's constituency. A Daily Express poll in 1972 showed him being the most popular politician in the country. Powell had previously stood in the 1965 Conservative leadership election, but had polled a mere 15 votes.

In February 1974 Powell quit the Conservative Party, mainly because it had taken the UK into the European Common Market, and advised the electorate to vote Labour, who promised a referendum on whether or not the UK should remain in the EEC, as the only way to save the UK's sovereignty. Given the close nature of the election (there was a hung Parliament), it is possible that Powell's comments contributed to Heath's defeat. He repeated this line in the October 1974 General Election, and the referendum was held in 1975. However the result was a clear vote to remain in "the Common Market" (as it was called on the ballot paper).

Powell's Euroscepticism was fuelled by a belief that the Cold War was a sham because the Soviet Union was not intent on invading the West - so dependent was the USSR on receiving US and European grain surpluses for next to nothing - and so he did not see the need to maintain the Western alliance as other Conservatives did. The UK's "independent nuclear deterrent" was also viewed negatively; because it could not rationally be used, it was pointless. He believed that American interest in Britain was an attempt to undermine Britain and give the United States a greater world role. Powell also argued that the Americans advocated European states, including Britain, to join the European Economic Community because it was the 'political arm' of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and therefore fitted into America's grand strategy against the Soviet Union.

[edit] Ulster Unionist Party

In a sudden general election later in 1974, Powell returned to Parliament as an Ulster Unionist MP for South Down, having rejected an offer to stand as a candidate for the National Front. He was a strong believer in the United Kingdom, and he believed that it would only survive if the Unionists strove to integrate fully with the United Kingdom by abandoning the devolved rule that Northern Ireland had until recently enjoyed. He refused point blank to join the Orange Institution - the first Ulster Unionist MP at Westminster never to be a member (and to date only one of three, the others being the former UDR member Ken Maginnis, and Lady Hermon), and he was an outspoken opponent of the more extremist Unionism espoused by the Reverend Ian Paisley and his supporters.

Powell claimed that the only way to stop the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) was for Northern Ireland to be an integral part of the United Kingdom, treated no differently than any other of its constituent parts. He claimed the ambiguous nature of the North's status, with its own parliament and prime minister, gave hope to the PIRA that it could detach the six counties from the UK:

"Every word or act which holds out the prospect that their unity with the rest of the United Kingdom might be negotiable is itself, consciously or unconsciously, a contributory cause to the continuation of violence in Northern Ireland".^[13]

During 1983 his local agent was Jeffrey Donaldson, later an Ulster Unionist MP before defecting to the DUP.

In Powell's later career as an Ulster Unionist MP he continued to criticise the United States and claimed that the Americans were trying to persuade the British to push Northern Ireland into an all-Ireland state because the condition for Irish membership of NATO, Powell claimed, was Northern Ireland. The Americans wanted to close the 'yawning gap' in NATO defence that was the southern Irish coast to northern Spain. Powell claimed he had a copy of a State Department Policy Statement from the 15th August 1950 in which the American government allegedly said that the 'agitation' caused by partition in Ireland 'lessens the usefulness of Ireland in international organisations and complicates strategic planning for Europe'. 'It is desirable', the document continued, 'that Ireland should be integrated into the defense planning of the North Atlantic area, for its strategic position and present lack of defensive capacity are matters of significance'.^[14]

In 1984, Powell also claimed that the Central Intelligence Agency had murdered Lord Louis Mountbatten and that the deaths of the MPs Airey Neave and Robert Bradford were by the Americans in order to stop Neave's policy of integration for Northern Ireland.^[15] Then in 1986 he again argued that Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) had not killed Airey Neave but 'MI6 and their friends' were responsible instead.^[16]

Though he was on supposedly good terms with Margaret Thatcher (she claimed her own monetarist policies stemmed from Powell's, to which he remarked drily, "A pity she did not understand them!"), he came into conflict with her in 1985 in protest because of her support for the Anglo-Irish Agreement, resigning his seat and then regaining it at the ensuing by-election. Powell lost his seat in the 1987 general election to the Social Democratic Labour Party's Eddie McGrady, mainly due to demographic and boundary changes which resulted in there being many more Catholics in his seat than before. Ironically, the boundary changes had arisen due to his own campaign for the number of MPs representing Northern Ireland to be increased to the equivalent proportion for the rest of the United Kingdom, as part of the steps towards greater integration.

After Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 Powell claimed that because Britain was not an ally of Kuwait in the 'formal sense' and that the balance of power in the Middle East ceased to be a British concern after the end of the British Empire, Britain should not go to war. Powell claimed that 'Saddam Hussein has a long way to go yet before his troops come storming up the beaches of Kent or Sussex' and after Britain claimed to be defending small nations from attack Powell said 'I sometimes wonder if, when we shed our power, we omitted to shed our arrogance'.^[17]

When German reunification was on the agenda in 1990 Powell claimed Britain urgently needed to create an alliance with Soviet Union in view of Germany's effect on the balance of power in Europe. This part of Powell's analysis was taken seriously by the Atlanticist Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who tried to persuade the then Soviet-leader Mikhail Gorbachev to halt unification, but failed.

After Mrs. Thatcher's Bruges Speech in 1988 and her increasing hostility to the abolition of the pound sterling in the last years of her premiership, Powell made many speeches publicly supporting her attitude to Europe. When she was challenged by Michael Heseltine for the leadership of the Conservative party in November 1990 Powell said he would rejoin the party - which he had left in 1974 over the issue of Europe - if Mrs. Thatcher won, and would urge the public to support both her and, in Powell's view, national independence.^[18]

His unionism did not block his capacity for independent thought; he was critical of the Special Air Service (SAS) shootings of three unarmed Provisional Irish Republican Army members in Gibraltar in 1988.

[edit] Death

Enoch Powell died at 4.30am on 8 February 1998 from the effects of Parkinson's disease at the age of 85, and is interred in Warwick Cemetery, Warwickshire. His wife, Pamela, and their two daughters, survived him. He had been diagnosed as suffering from Parkinson's disease in the Autumn of 1992.

[edit] Personality

Despite his earlier atheism Powell became a devout Anglican, having thought in 1949 "that he heard the bells of St Peter's Wolverhampton calling him" (Heffer p130) while walking to his flat in his (then future) constituency. Subsequently, he became a churchwarden of St Margaret's, Westminster. He spent much of his later life trying to prove, with close textual reading, that Christ had not been crucified but stoned to death.

Powell was reading Greek by the age of five, learning it from his mother. At age 70 he began learning his 12th and final language, Hebrew.

In August 2002 Powell appeared in the List of "100 Greatest Britons of all time" (voted for by the public in a BBC nationwide poll).

Powell had remarked that "all political lives end in failure" and did not hesitate to agree that this maxim applied to his own. Like Tony Benn (a personal friend from a different political background, whom Powell had aided to renounce his peerage and so remain an elected Member of Parliament), he was seen by supporters as putting conscience and duty to his constituents before loyalty to his party or the sake of his career.

Powell's rhetorical gifts were also employed, with success, beyond politics. He was a poet of considerable accomplishment, with four published collections to his name: First Poems; Casting Off; Dancer's End; and The Wedding Gift. His Collected Poems appeared in 1990. He translated Herodotus (The History of Herodotus) and published many other works of classical scholarship. He published a biography of Joseph Chamberlain. Powell published many books on political matters too, that were often annotated collections of his speeches. His political publications were often as critical of his own party as they were of Labour; often making fun of what he saw as logical fallacies in reasoning or action. His book 'Freedom & Reality' contained many nonsensical quotes from Labour party manifestos or Harold Wilson.

[edit] Racist demagogue or lost Prime Minister?

Powell said "I have set and always will set my face like flint against making any difference between one citizen of this country and another on grounds of his origin." The public tend to agree with this statement. The Trial of Enoch Powell, a Channel 4 television broadcast on the thirtieth anniversary of his Birmingham speech (and two months after his death) saw a vote of the studio audience yielded a 64% 'not a racist' result. However, many in the church did not - upon his death the Bishop of Croydon stated "Enoch Powell gave a certificate of respectability to white racist views which otherwise decent people were ashamed to acknowledge."

Powell's detractors often assert that he was 'far-right', 'proto-fascist' or 'racist'. The first two charges clash with his voting record on most social issues, such as homosexual law reform and the abolition of the death penalty, both liberal reforms which had limited support in the Conservative Party at the time. Although the public tend to support Powell on the issues for which he gained fame, many journalists, commentators and politicians (whom Powell grouped together as the "chattering classes") are among his detractors, and denounce him as a racist. For some though, this charge seems unconvincing in the light of Powell's pre-political actions. Claims against this include that Powell was simply trying to garner support to become Viceroy of India, and that it was not until the late '60s that he made speeches that addressed the issues of race and immigration.

Although a strong monetarist, his views were often socially relaxed. He voted for relaxed divorce laws in 1965 on the grounds that two unhappy people should not be forced to maintain their unhappy state. He also voted for relaxed abortion laws, claiming that such actions are on the conscience of the individual, not the government.

His speeches and TV interviews throughout his political life displayed a suspicion towards "The Establishment" in general, and by the 1980s there was a regular expectation that he would make some sort of speech or act in a way designed to upset the government of the day and ensure he would not be offered a Life Peerage (and thus transferred to the House of Lords), which he had no intention of accepting so long as Edward Heath sat in the Commons. (Heath remained in the Commons until after Powell's death.) He had opposed the 1958 Life Peerages Act and felt it would be hypocritical to accept a life peerage himself, while no Prime Minister was ever willing to offer him a hereditary peerage.

[edit] Powell in popular culture

Badge supporting Powell's views.

The South African-born British musician Manfred Mann released an instrumental track entitled "Konekuf" in the 1970s, indicating his opinion of Powell. The title is designed to be read backwards. John Cale's "Graham Greene" also mentions Powell, although the context is more obscure, and in 1970 ska and reggae singer Millie sang "Enoch Power" against Powell. The song began with the German national anthem. The Beatles' song "Get Back" was originally conceived as a critical commentary of Powell's "Rivers of Blood" speech. Earlier versions of the song, titled "Commonwealth" and "No Pakistanis," the latter of which very closely resembles the finished product, are circulated with bootlegs of the Let It Be sessions.

Powell's name was mentioned in some of the more daring BBC comedies of the 1960s and 70s, e.g. in several Monty Python's Flying Circus skits, including "Travel Agent" and "Election Special". In a Christmas episode of Steptoe and Son, the elder Steptoe sings "Enoch's Dreaming of a White Christmas," (after the fashion of the Bing Crosby song "White Christmas") as he prepares Christmas decorations at the table. Powell is also referred to approvingly by Alf Garnett a number of times in episodes of Till Death Us Do Part, as for example in an episode about a power cut, when he says "It's a pity old Enoch ain't in charge. he'd sort them out. He'd put the coons down the pits, he would." as a black technician comes into the room behind him to fix the family's broken television.

In 1976, a drunken Eric Clapton voiced his support of Powell onstage during a concert in Birmingham, also stating that England had "become overcrowded" and was in danger of becoming "a black colony." As a result, Clapton didn't play in Birmingham again for a decade, and his remarks were a major factor in the eventual formation of Rock Against Racism.

The main character in Moses Ascending, a novel about immigrants in London by Sam Selvon, writes Powell a letter. The scene is highly ironic.

He is also mentioned in White Teeth (written by Zadie Smith), also a novel about immigrants.

In the musical version of "Acorn Antiques" John The Director's ill-fated operetta of "Acorn Antiques" is rehearsed in the 'Enoch Powell Performing Arts Centre and Leisure Complex'.

[edit] Notes

^ Paul Foot, The Rise of Enoch Powell (Penguin Specials, 1969),
^ Simon Heffer, Like the Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999), p. 53.
^ Ibid, p. 55.
^ Ibid, p. 75.
^ Ibid, pp. 86-87.
^ Ibid, p. 76.
^ Desert Island Discs, BBC Radio, 19 February, 1989
^ Craig, F. W. S. [1969] (1983). British parliamentary election results 1918-1949, 3rd edition, Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. ISBN 0-900178-06-X.
^ Heffer (1999), p. 431.
^ Heffer (1999), p. 460.
^ Daily Mail, Saturday, February 3rd, 2007 pp 50-51.
^ Simon Heffer's biography, "Like The Roman", discusses the pre-publicity on page 449. Powell is quoted as remarking to Clem Jones, editor of the local newspaper, that his speech was "going to go up 'fizz' like a rocket". The cameras were from ATV, whose news editor had received an early copy.
^ Ibid, p. 543.
^ Ibid, p. 635.
^ Ibid, p. 881.
^ Ibid, p. 906.
^ Ibid, p. 933.
^ Ibid, p. 934.

[edit] Bibliography

Daily Telegraph Obituary of Enoch Powell, 9th February, 1998.
Foot, Paul, The Rise of Enoch Powell, Cornmarket Press (hb)/Penguin (pb), 1969.
Heffer, Simon, Like the Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1998, ISBN 0-297-84286-2
Roth, Andrew, Enoch Powell: Tory Tribune, Macdonald, 1970.
Shepherd, Robert, Enoch Powell, Hutchinson, London, 1998, ISBN 0-09-179208-8
Stacey, Tom, Immigration and Enoch Powell, London, 1970, OCLC 151226

[edit] Powell's writings

Enoch Powell (1936) The Rendel Harris Papyri
Enoch Powell (1937) First Poems
Enoch Powell (1938) A Lexicon to Herodotus
Enoch Powell (1939) The History of Herodotus
Enoch Powell (1939) Casting-off, and other poems
Enoch Powell (1939) Herodotus, Book VIII
Enoch Powell (1942) Llyfr Blegywryd
Enoch Powell (1942) Thucydidis Historia
Enoch Powell (1949) (translation) Herodotus
Enoch Powell (1950) (jointly) One Nation
Enoch Powell (1951) (poems) Dancer's End and The Wedding Gift
Enoch Powell (1952) The Social Services, Needs and Means
Enoch Powell (1954) Change is our Ally
Enoch Powell (1955, second edition 1970) (with Angus Maude) Biography of a Nation
Enoch Powell (1960) Great Parliamentary Occasions
Enoch Powell (1960) Saving in a Free Society
Enoch Powell (1965) A Nation not Afraid
Enoch Powell (1966, revised edition 1976) Medicine and Politics
Enoch Powell (1968) (with Keith Wallis) The House of Lords in the Middle Ages
Enoch Powell (1969 [1999]) Freedom and Reality Eliot Rightwat Books, ISBN 0-7160-0541-7 (this volume includes the text of the Rivers of Blood speech.)
Enoch Powell (1971) Common Market: The Case Against
Enoch Powell (1972) Still to Decide
Enoch Powell (1973) Common Market: Renegotiate or Come Out
Enoch Powell (1973) No Easy Answers
Enoch Powell (1977) Wrestling With the Angel, London, ISBN 0-85969-127-6
Enoch Powell (1977) Joseph Chamberlain, London, ISBN 0-500-01185-0
Enoch Powell (1978) (editor Richard Ritchie) A Nation or No Nation
Enoch Powell (1989) (editor Richard Ritchie) Enoch Powell on 1992, London, ISBN 1-85470-008-1
Enoch Powell (1991) (editor Rex Collings) Reflections of a Statesman, London, ISBN 0947792880
Enoch Powell (1990) Collected Poems
Enoch Powell (1994) The Evolution of the Gospel

[edit] See also

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Enoch Powell

Powellism - The political beliefs of Enoch Powell
Radio Enoch - Anti-socialist pirate radio station that took its name from Powell
Rivers of Blood

[edit] External links

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