Embroidery stitch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In everyday language, a stitch in the context of embroidery or hand-sewing is defined as the movement of the embroidery needle from the backside of the fabric to the front side and back to the back side. The thread stroke on the front side produced by this is also called stitch. In the context of embroidery, an embroidery stitch means one or more stitches that are always executed in the same way, forming a figure of recognisable look. Embroidery stitches are also called stitches for short.
Embroidery stitches are the smallest units in embroidery, embroidery patterns are formed by doing many embroidery stitches, either all the same or different ones, either following a counting chart on paper, following a design painted on the fabric or even working freehand.
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[edit] Technique
Basically, there are two ways to do embroidery efficiently and orderly. What works better depends on the stitches and materials used, and on personal preference.
[edit] Hand-sewing method
The needle is brought to the upside of the fabric. For doing the stitch properly, it is inserted into the fabric and brought back to the surface in one movement. Then the thread is pulled through. The same method is used for plain hand sewing.
It is strongly recommended to use a thimble for this. It is best to put the thimble on the middle finger. Once the needle is inserted into the fabric, the hooded middle finger is used to push it through; the thumb and index finger grab the needle at the front as soon as possible and pull at the same time. This can speed up working when the embroiderer is used to it.
This method can be done using an embroidery frame or free-hand, but in many cases the use of an embroidery frame or hoop will make the work easier. It needs to be a frame that allows for adjustment of fabric tension, because the fabric mustn't be too strongly stretched in order to allow inserting the needle without pulling the fabric too much.
[edit] Stab method OR Maggam work(known popularly in India)
The needle is inserted into the fabric at a 90 degree angle, then the thread is pulled through. Then, the needle is again inserted, this time from the underside to the surface; again, the thread is pulled through.
Usually it is not necessary to use a thimble for this method, but it can help when pushing the needle through.
For this a frame or hoop should be used. It can be done faster if the hoop or frame is somehow mounted, so that both hands are free for the embroidery. Then, the dominant hand is held under the fabric, the non-dominant hand above it. The needle is handled by each respective hand without necessity for hand position changes.
[edit] Common Stitches
Embroidery uses various combinations of stitches. Each embroidery stitch has a special name to help identify it. These names vary from country to country and region to region. Some embroidery books will include name variations. Taken by themselves the stitches are mostly simple to execute, however when you put them together the results can be extremely complex.
- Straight Stitches: stitches that pass through the fabric ground in a simple up and down motion, and for the most part moving in a single direction. Examples of straight stitches are:
- Running or basting stitch
- Simple satin stitch
- Algerian eye stitch
- Fern stitch
- Straight Stitches that have two journeys (generally forwards and backwards over the same path). Examples:
- Holbein stitch, also known as the double running stitch
- Bosnian stitch
- Back Stitches: stitches that pass through the fabric ground in an encircling motion. The needle in the simplest backstitch comes up from the back of the fabric, makes a stitch to the right going back to the back of the fabric, then passes behind the first stitch and comes up to the front of the fabric to the left of the first stitch. The needle then goes back to the back of the fabric through the same hole the stitch first came up from. The needle then repeats the movement to the left of the stitches and continues. A picture is worth a thousand words and there are several good embroidery manuals, some of which are referenced at the bottom of the article. Some examples of a back stitch are:
- Stem stitch or outline stitch
- Split stitch. The needle pierces the thread as it come back up.
- Crewel stitch
- Chain stitches: Stitches that catch a loop of the thread on the surface of the fabric. In the simplest of the looped stitches, the chain stitch, the needle comes up from the back of the fabric and the goes back into the same hole it came out of, pulling the loop of thread almost completely through to the back; but before the loop disappears, the needle come back up (a certain distance from the beginning stitch -the distance deciding the length of the stitch), passes through the loop and prevents it from being pulled completely to the back of the fabric. The needle then passes back to the back of the fabric through the second hole and begins the stitch again. Examples of chain stitches are:
- Chain stitch
- Lazy Daisy stitch, or detached chain. The loop stitch is held to the fabric at the wide end by a tiny tacking stitch.
- Spanish Chain or Zig-zag Chain
- Buttonhole or Blanket Stitches: These stitches also catch a loop of the thread on the surface of the fabric but the principal difference is that the needle does not return to the original hole to pass back to the back of the fabric. In the classic buttonhole stitch the needle is returned to the back of the fabric at a right angle to the original start of the thread. The finished stitch in some ways resembles a letter "L" depending on the spacing of the stitches. For buttonholes the stitches are tightly packed together and for blanket edges they are more spaced out. The properties of this stitch make it ideal for preventing raveling of woven fabric. This stitch is also the basis for many forms of needle lace. Examples of Buttonhole or Blanket Stitches.
- Blanket stitch
- Buttonhole stitch
- Closed Buttonhole stitch, the tops of the stitch touch to form triangles
- Crossed Buttonhole stitch, the tops of the stitch cross
- Buttonhole stitches combined with knots
- Top Knotted Buttonhole stitch
- German Knotted Buttonhole stitch
- Tailor's Buttonhole stitch
- Armenian Edging stitch
- Fly or Feather Stitches: These stitches also catch a loop of thread on the surface of the fabric but they differ from buttonhole stitches in that the catching of the loop is not at right angles or it alternates from side to side. The result is a very naturalistic looking stitch that is often used to make leaves and branches. Examples of Fly stitches are:
- Fly stitch, or Y stitch
- Feather stitch
- Faggoting stitch, or Straight Open Cretan
- Cretan Stitch
- Cross Stitches or cross-stitch: These stitches have come to represent an entire industry of pattern production and material supply for the craft person. The stitch is done by creating a line of diagonal stitches going in one direction, usually using the warp and weft of the fabric as a guide, then on the return journey crossing the diagonal in the other direction, creating an "x". Also included in this class of stitches are:
- Herringbone stitches, including the hem stitch
- Breton stitch, here the threads of the "x" are twisted together
- Sprat's Head stitch
- Crow's Foot stitch, these last two stitches are often used in tailoring to strengthen a garment at a point of strain such as a pocket corner or the top of a kick pleat.
- Knotted Stitches: The principal feature of this stitch is a knot formed by wrapping the thread around the needle, once or several times, before passing it back to the back of the fabric ground. This is a predominate stitch in Brazilian embroidery, used to create flowers. Another famous form of embroidery that uses knots is Candlewicking, where the knots are created by forming a figure 8 around the needle. Examples of knotted stitches are:
- French knot, or twisted knot stitch
- Chinese knot, which varies from the French knot in that it takes a tiny stitch in the background fabric while creating the knot
- Bullion knots
- Coral stitch
- There are also more complex knotted stitches such as:
- Knotted Loop stitch
- Plaited Braid stitch
- Sorbello stitch
- Diamond stitch
- Couching or Laid stitches: These stitches involve two sets of threads, the set that is being 'laid' onto the surface of the fabric and the set which attach the laid threads. The laid threads may be heavier than the attaching thread, or they may be of a nature that does not allow them to be worked with like a regular embroidery thread, i.e. metal threads. The stitches used to attach the laid thread may be of any nature; cross stitch, buttonhole stitch, straight stitch; but some have specific names:
- Pendant couching,
- Bokhara couching
- Square laid work
- Oriental couching
- Battlement couching
[edit] References
- Barnden, Betty. The Embroidery Stitch Bible. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 2003
- Eaton, Jan. Mary Thomas's Dictionary of Embroidery Stitches. Revised by Jan Eaton. London: Hodder&Stoughton, 1989
- Gostelow, Mary. The Coats Book of Embroidery. London: David&Charles Ltd, 1978
- Karasz, Mariska. Adventures in Stitches: A New Art of Embroidery New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1947
- Nichols, Marion. Encyclopedia of Embroidery Stitches, Including Crewel. New York: Dover Publications, 1974
[edit] External links
Video Library of Embroidery Stitches - a good collection of free online video tutorials for hand embroidery
