Emberizidae
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 American Tree Sparrow
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Over 70, see text |
The Emberizidae are a large family of passerine birds.
They are seed-eating birds with a distinctively shaped bill. In Europe, most species are named as buntings.
The Emberizidae family probably originated in South America and spread first into North America before crossing into eastern Asia and continuing to move west. This explains the comparative paucity of emberizid species in Europe and Africa when compared to the Americas.
In North America, most of the species in this family are known as (American) Sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. The family also includes the North American birds known as juncos and towhees.
Their habits are similar to those of finches, with which they sometimes used to be grouped. Older sources may place some emberizids in the Fringillidae, and the common names of some emberizids still refer to them as finches. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns.
As with several other passerine families the taxonomic treatment of this family's members is currently in a state of flux. Many genera in South and Central America may in fact be more closely related to several different tanager clades[1] [2] [3], and at least one tanager genus (Chlorospingus) may belong here in the Emberizidae.[4]
[edit] Systematics
[edit] The buntings
- Genus Melophus - Crested Bunting
- Genus Latoucheornis - Slaty Bunting
- Genus Emberiza - typical buntings (nearly 40 species)
- Genus Milaria - Corn Bunting
[edit] The American sparrows, including juncos and towhees
- Genus Arremon (7 species)
- Genus Arremonops (4 species)
- Genus Melozone (3 species)
- Genus Pipilo - towhees (9 species)
- Genus Aimophila (14 species)
- Genus Oriturus (Striped Sparrow)
- Genus Torreornis (Zapata Sparrow)
- Genus Spizella (7 species)
- Genus Pooecetes (Vesper Sparrow)
- Genus Chondestes (Lark Sparrow)
- Genus Amphispiza (2 species)
- Genus Calamospiza (Lark Bunting)
- Genus Passerculus (1-2 species)
- Genus Ammodramus (9 species)
- Genus Passerella (Fox Sparrow - probably 4 species)
- Genus Xenospiza (Sierra Madre Sparrow)
- Genus Melospiza (3 species)
- Genus Zonotrichia (5 species)
- Genus Junco - juncos (4 species)
[edit] The brush-finches
- Genus Atlapetes
- White-naped Brush-Finch, Atlapetes albinucha
- Pale-naped Brush-Finch, Atlapetes pallidinucha
- Rufous-naped Brush-Finch, Atlapetes rufinucha
- Yellow-breasted Brush-finch, Atlapetes latinuchus
- Yariguies Brush-finch, Atlapetes latinuchus yariguierum
- White-rimmed Brush-Finch, Atlapetes leucopis
- Rufous-capped Brush-Finch, Atlapetes pileatus
- Santa Marta Brush-Finch, Atlapetes melanocephalus
- Olive-headed Brush-Finch, Atlapetes flaviceps
- Dusky-headed Brush-Finch, Atlapetes fuscoolivaceus
- Tricolored Brush-Finch, Atlapetes tricolor
- Moustached Brush-Finch, Atlapetes albofrenatus
- Slaty Brush-Finch, Atlapetes schistaceus
- Bay-crowned Brush-Finch, Atlapetes seebohmi
- Rusty-bellied Brush-Finch, Atlapetes nationi
- White-winged Brush-Finch, Atlapetes leucopterus
- White-headed Brush-Finch, Atlapetes albiceps
- Pale-headed Brush-Finch, Atlapetes pallidiceps
- Rufous-eared Brush-Finch, Atlapetes rufigenis
- Black-spectacled Brush-Finch, Atlapetes melanops
- Ochre-breasted Brush-Finch, Atlapetes semirufus
- Fulvous-headed Brush-Finch, Atlapetes fulviceps
- Tepui Brush-Finch, Atlapetes personatus
- Yellow-striped Brush-Finch, Atlapetes citrinellus
- Genus Buarremon
- Chestnut-capped Brush-finch, Buarremon brunneinucha
- Green-striped Brush-Finch, Buarremon virenticeps
- Stripe-headed Brush-Finch, Buarremon torquatus
- Genus Lysurus
- Sooty-faced Finch, Lysurus crassirostris
- Olive Finch, Lysurus castaneiceps
- Genus Pselliophorus
- Yellow-thighed Finch, Pselliophorus tibialis
- Yellow-green Finch, Pselliophorus luteoviridis
- Genus Pezopetes - Large-footed Finch
[edit] The longspurs and arctic buntings
- Genus Calcarius (4 species)[5]
- Genus Plectrophenax - arctic buntings (2 species)
The rest of the emberizidae listed below are probably closer to various tanagers, and are often known collectively as tanager-finches.
[edit] The sierra-finches
- Genus Phrygilus
- Black-hooded Sierra-Finch, Phrygilus atriceps
- Peruvian Sierra-Finch, Phrygilus punensis
- Gray-hooded Sierra-Finch, Phrygilus gayi
- Patagonian Sierra-Finch, Phrygilus patagonicus
- Mourning Sierra-Finch, Phrygilus fruticeti
- Plumbeous Sierra-Finch, Phrygilus unicolor
- Red-backed Sierra-Finch, Phrygilus dorsalis
- White-throated Sierra-Finch, Phrygilus erythronotus
- Carbonated Sierra-Finch, Phrygilus carbonarius
- Band-tailed Sierra-Finch, Phrygilus alaudinus
- Ash-breasted Sierra-Finch, Phrygilus plebejus
- Genus Melanodera
- Canary-winged Finch, Melanodera melanodera
- Yellow-bridled Finch, Melanodera xanthogramma
- Genus Lophospingus
- Black-crested Finch, Lophospingus pusillus
- Gray-crested Finch, Lophospingus griseocristatus
- Genus Donacospiza
- Long-tailed Reed-finch, Donacospiza albifrons
- Genus Rowettia
- Gough Island Finch, Rowettia goughensis
- Genus Nesospiza
- Nightingale Finch, Nesospiza acunhae
- Wilkins' Finch, Nesospiza wilkinsi
- Genus Diuca
- White-winged Diuca-Finch, Diuca speculifera
- Common Diuca-Finch, Diuca diuca
- Genus Idiopsar
- Short-tailed Finch, Idiopsar brachyurus
- Genus Piezorhina
- Cinereous Finch, Piezorhina cinerea
- Genus Xenospingus
- Slender-billed Finch, Xenospingus concolor
[edit] The Inca-finches
- Genus Incaspiza
- Great Inca-Finch, Incaspiza pulchra
- Rufous-backed Inca-Finch, Incaspiza personata
- Gray-winged Inca-Finch, Incaspiza ortizi
- Buff-bridled Inca-Finch, Incaspiza laeta
- Little Inca-Finch, Incaspiza watkinsi
[edit] The Warbling-Finches
- Genus Poospiza
- Bay-chested Warbling-Finch, Poospiza thoracica
- Bolivian Warbling-Finch, Poospiza boliviana
- Plain-tailed Warbling-Finch, Poospiza alticola
- Rufous-sided Warbling-Finch, Poospiza hypochondria
- Cinnamon Warbling-Finch, Poospiza ornata
- Rusty-browed Warbling-Finch, Poospiza erythrophrys
- Black-and-rufous Warbling-Finch, Poospiza nigrorufa
- Black-and-chestnut Warbling-Finch, Poospiza whitii
- Red-rumped Warbling-Finch, Poospiza lateralis
- Rufous-breasted Warbling-Finch, Poospiza rubecula
- Cochabamba Mountain-Finch, Poospiza garleppi
- Tucuman Mountain-Finch, Poospiza baeri
- Chestnut-breasted Warbling-Finch, Poospiza caesar
- Collared Warbling-Finch, Poospiza hispaniolensis
- Ringed Warbling-Finch, Poospiza torquata
- Black-capped Warbling-Finch, Poospiza melanoleuca
- Cinereous Warbling-Finch, Poospiza cinerea
[edit] The seedeaters
- Genus Sporophila (some 55 species)
- Genus Catamenia (3 species)
- Genus Amaurospiza (4 species)
- Genus Oryzoborus (6 species)
- Genus Volatinia - Blue-black Grassquit
- Genus Dolospingus - White-naped Seedeater
[edit] The flowerpiercers and relatives
- Genus Diglossa
- Cinnamon-bellied Flowerpiercer, Diglossa baritula
- Slaty Flowerpiercer, Diglossa plumbea
- Rusty Flowerpiercer, Diglossa sittoides
- Venezuelan Flowerpiercer, Diglossa venezuelensis
- Chestnut-bellied Flowerpiercer, Diglossa gloriosissima
- White-sided Flowerpiercer, Diglossa albilatera
- Glossy Flowerpiercer, Diglossa lafresnayii
- Moustached Flowerpiercer, Diglossa mystacalis
- Merida Flowerpiercer, Diglossa gloriosa
- Black Flowerpiercer, Diglossa humeralis
- Black-throated Flowerpiercer, Diglossa brunneiventris
- Gray-bellied Flowerpiercer, Diglossa carbonaria
- Scaled Flowerpiercer, Diglossa duidae
- Greater Flowerpiercer, Diglossa major
- Genus Diglossopis
- Indigo Flowerpiercer, Diglossopis indigotica
- Deep-blue Flowerpiercer, Diglossopis glauca
- Bluish Flowerpiercer, Diglossopis caerulescens
- Masked Flowerpiercer, Diglossopis cyanea
- Genus Haplospiza (2 species)
- Genus Acanthidops - Peg-billed Finch
[edit] The yellow-finches and relatives
- Genus Sicalis
- Puna Yellow-finch, Sicalis lutea
- Saffron Finch, Sicalis flaveola
- Grassland Yellow-Finch, Sicalis luteola
- Stripe-tailed Yellow-Finch, Sicalis citrina
- Bright-rumped Yellow-Finch, Sicalis uropygialis
- Citron-headed Yellow-Finch, Sicalis luteocephala
- Greater Yellow-Finch, Sicalis auriventris
- Greenish Yellow-Finch, Sicalis olivascens
- Patagonian Yellow-Finch, Sicalis lebruni
- Orange-fronted Yellow-Finch, Sicalis columbiana
- Raimondi's Yellow-Finch, Sicalis raimondii
- Sulphur-throated Finch, Sicalis taczanowskii
- Genus Emberizoides
- Wedge-tailed Grass-Finch, Emberizoides herbicola
- Duida Grass-Finch, Emberizoides duidae
- Lesser Grass-Finch, Emberizoides ypiranganus
- Genus Embernagra
- Pale-throated Serra-Finch, Embernagra longicauda
- Great Pampa-Finch, Embernagra platensis
- Genus Gubernatrix
- Yellow Cardinal, Gubernatrix cristata
- Genus Paroaria
- Red-crested Cardinal, Paroaria coronata
- Red-cowled Cardinal, Paroaria dominicana
- Red-capped Cardinal, Paroaria gularis
- Crimson-fronted Cardinal, Paroaria baeri
- Yellow-billed Cardinal, Paroaria capitata
[edit] The bunting-finches
- Genus Charitospiza
- Coal-crested Finch, Charitospiza eucosma
- Genus Coryphaspiza
- Black-masked Finch, Coryphaspiza melanotis
- Genus Saltatricula
- Many-colored Chaco-Finch, Saltatricula multicolor
- Genus Coryphospingus
- Pileated Finch, Coryphospingus pileatus
- Red-crested Finch, Coryphospingus cucullatus
- Genus Rhodospingus
- Crimson-breasted Finch, Rhodospingus cruentus
[edit] The dome-nest clade
This group contains the celebrated Darwin's finches:
- Genus Geospiza - ground finches (6 species)
- Genus Camarhynchus - tree finches (6 species)
- Genus Certhidea - Warbler Finch
- Genus Pinaroloxias - Cocos Island Finch
The rest of the group also includes species formerly regarded as honeycreepers:
- Genus Melopyrrha - Cuban Bullfinch
- Genus Tiaris - grassquits (5 species)
- Genus Loxipasser - Yellow-shouldered Grassquit
- Genus Euneornis - Orangequit
- Genus Melanospiza - St. Lucia Black Finch
- Genus Loxigilla - Antillean bullfinches (3 species)
- Genus Coereba
- Bananaquit, Coereba flaveola
[edit] References
- ^ Burns, K. J., S. J. Hackett, and N. K. Klein, 2002. Phylogenetic relationships and morphological diversity in Darwin's finches and their relatives. Evolution 56 (6). 1240-1252.
- ^ Lougheed, S.C., J.R. Freeland, P. Handford & P.T. Boag. 2000. A molecular phylogeny of warbling-finches (Poospiza): paraphyly in a Neotropical emberizid genus. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 17: 367-378.
- ^ Burns, K. J., S. J. Hackett, and N. K. Klein. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships of Neotropical honeycreepers and the evolution of feeding morphology. J. Avian Biology 34: 360-370.
- ^ Yuri, T., and D. P. Mindell. 2002. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, "New World nine-primaried oscines" (Aves: Passeriformes). Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 23:229-243.
- ^ Klicka J, Zink RM, Winker K. 2003. Longspurs and snow buntings: phylogeny and biogeography of a high-latitude clade (Calcarius). Mol Phylogenet Evol. Feb;26(2):165-75.
[edit] External links
- Emberizidae videos on the Internet Bird Collection
