Elektronika MK-52
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The Elektronika MK-52 (Russian: Электро́ника МК-52) is a non-BASIC, RPN-programmable calculator which was manufactured in the Soviet Union and Ukraine during the years 1983 to 1991.
The functionality of the MK-52 is identical to that of the MK-61, except the MK-52 has an internal non-volatile EEPROM memory module, for permanent data storage. The MK-52 is functionally very similar to the MK-54, the B3-34 and B3-21 Elektronika calculators. It is the only known calculator to have internal storage in the form of an EEPROM module and it is renowned for having a very large number of undocumented functions.
The MK-52 has 105 steps of volatile program memory, an internal EEPROM module (with 512 bytes of memory) and 15 memory registers. It functions using either four AA-size battery cells or a wall plug. It has a relatively dim, ten-digit (8 digit mantissa, 2 digit exponent) green vacuum fluorescent display. The MK-52 has an expansion port to which various ROM (Read-only memory) modules may be attached. Its system clock speed is approximately 455 kHz (derived from a ceramic resonator), its weight is approximately 0.4 kilograms and its original selling price was 115 Roubles.
The MK-52 was used as a backup to the onboard computers of the Soyuz spacecraft on the Soyuz TM-7 mission to the Mir space station.
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[edit] Basic operations
Should it be required, one can refer to the Russian to English translation of the MK-52's keyboard.
Note that throughout this page, square brackets represent actual keys, for example, [+] represents an 'addition' key.
The MK-52 has two main operating modes; 'automatic mode' and 'programming mode'. General calculations and operations are performed in automatic mode; programs are input in programming mode. To switch between modes, one must press [F] [CHS] (looks like [/-/]) to switch to automatic mode and one must press [F] [EE] (looks like [Bn]) to switch to programming mode.
Basic operations in automatic mode are conducted in accordance with RPN (Reverse Polish Notation) logic. For example, to evaluate 2+3, the following keystrokes are required: [2] [enter] (looks like [B^]) [3] [+].
[edit] Programming
In simple programming, commands are typed into the MK-52 in programming mode and are then executed in order. The MK-52 is fully capable of memory management and both conditional and unconditional branching, but these and more advanced capabilities are beyond the scope of this article (for the moment).
In programming mode, the screen displays information about the program in memory. For example, if '10 01 0E 03' is displayed, then this means that '0E' is stored at program step '00', '01' is stored at program step '01', '10' is stored at program step '02' and the machine is currently prompting for data to be input for program step '03'. Individual program operations are represented by two-digit operation codes in programming mode.
[edit] Saving to EEPROM
Note that before entering a program to volatile memory with the intention of saving this program to EEPROM memory, the EEPROM program space to be saved to must be cleared first, as performing the clearing operation clears the volatile memory as well as the selected area of the EEPROM memory.
Each program step requires 1 byte of memory and each register requires 7 bytes of memory.
When clearing, reading or writing to the EEPROM memory, the 'address' and 'range' are specified in the form of a six-digit number, preceded by a non-zero number (which is ignored) in automatic mode, i.e. '1aaaadd' means 'dd' bytes, starting at memory address 'aaaa'. A two-position data/program switch controls whether data (from the registers) or program memory is transferred; a three-position switch is used to select read, write and clear operations.
[edit] Example of operation
This example demonstrates the entry of a program (which simply adds 1 to the input number and displays the result) and the saving and loading of this program to/from the EEPROM module.
Step 1: Clear the memory
The program will be four steps long (as will be explained in step 2) and, hence, requires 4 bytes of EEPROM. The memory is cleared using the following procedure:
Switch the clear/write/read switch to 'clear' and ensure that the data/program switch is set to 'program'.
In automatic mode, enter '1000004' (4 bytes starting at address '0000').
Press [Addr] (a key that looks like [A^] in the bottom left).
Press [R/W] (a key that looks like [^v] above the bottom left key).
Step 2: Enter the program
Switch the clear/write/read switch to 'write'.
Enter programming mode.
Enter program. For the one described above, the following procedure may be used:
- initially the screen should display " 00", prompting for input.
[enter] (looks like [B^])
[1]
[+]
- the screen should now display "10 01 0E 03".
[R/S] (looks like [C/n])
- the screen should now display "50 10 01 04".
The program should now be in volatile memory.
Note that the program contains four steps. Each program step requires 1 byte of memory, hence the '04' at the end of the '1000004' command.
Enter automatic mode.
One may now press [RTN] (looks like [B/0]) to return to the start of the program.
One may now enter a number, then press [R/S] to run the program. The result (the input number plus 1) should then be displayed.
Step 3: Write to memory
Switch the clear/write/read switch to 'write'.
If it is not still displayed, then enter '1000004' in automatic mode.
Press [Addr] (a key that looks like [A^] in the bottom left).
Press [R/W] (a key that looks like [^v] above the bottom left key).
The program should now be written to the EEPROM module. You may now power off the machine in the knowledge that the program is stored safely.
Step 4: Read from memory.
Power on the machine.
Switch the clear/write/read switch to 'read'.
Enter '1000004' in automatic mode.
Press [Addr] (a key that looks like [A^] in the bottom left).
Press [R/W] (a key that looks like [^v] above the bottom left key).
The stored program should now be transferred to volatile memory and ready for use.
Similar procedures may be used to read and write register data (set the two position switch to data for these procedures).
[edit] Additional information
Bitwise/binary operations:
The MK-52 is fully capable of performing binary number operations. The following example demonstrates the OR logical operation between the binary numbers '111000' and '100001':
First, the numbers are made into groups of four digits, adding leading zeros if necessary, i.e. making '111000' into groups of four gives '0011' and '1000'.
The equivalent decimal values of each of these four-digit binary numbers are '3' and '8', which gives a hexadecimal number of '38', equivalent to the binary number '111000'. Similarly, '100001' is equivalent to '21' in hexadecimal.
Binary numbers are input into the machine as hexadecimal numbers prepended by an '8.'.
So, the numbers '8.38' and '8.21' are entered into the MK-52 and the OR operation is performed on them. The OR operation is achieved by pressing [K], then [CHS] (which looks like [/-/]).
The result displayed should be '8.39'. This translates to the two binary number groups '0011' and 1001 and, hence, the binary number '111001', which is the result of the OR operation performed on the two binary numbers '111000' and '100001'.
The following list details the MK-52's graphical representation of hexadecimal numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, -, L, C, T, E, (blank). Normal hexadecimal representation is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E.
Games:
There are a host of games available for the MK-52 (as can be found from one link below). The MK-52's undocumented functions tend to be heavily used in the various games of the machine due to their use in producing unusual calculations and specialised displays. A simple example of the modification of the display may be observed by the repeated squaring of, say, 1 x 10^50 (ignoring error messages).
Colours:
The MK-52 was available in a variety of colours. Known colours are: black/grey, turquoise/blue, white/grey and orange.
Schematics:
In what would be considered an unusual practice today, technical schematics were provided for the MK-52 when it was purchased, prompting user modification and repair of the machine.
EGGOG:
To the amusement of many, when an error is encountered on the machine, the display produces a message similar to the English 'Error'. The word, written in this fashon, cuts down on the number of display segments used to display the error message. The result is that, in Russian, this spelling is not pronounced 'error', but 'eggog'.
[edit] Known bugs/errors
There is currently only one known bug in the MK-52. That bug is that the MAX function gives a result of zero if one of the two arguments of the function is zero.
