Edward Ord
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Edward Otho Cresap Ord (October 18, 1818 – July 22, 1883) was the designer of Fort Sam Houston, and a U.S. Army officer who saw action in the Seminole War, the Indian Wars, and the American Civil War. He commanded an army during the final days of the Civil War, and was instrumental in forcing the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee.
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[edit] Early life and career
Ord was born in Cumberland, Maryland, the son of James and Rebecca Ord. Some accounts claim that he was a grandson of King George IV, and cousin of Queen Victoria of England. He was considered a mathematical genius and was appointed to the U.S. Military Academy by President Andrew Jackson. His roommate at West Point was future general William T. Sherman. He graduated in 1839 and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 3rd U.S. Artillery. He fought in the Second Seminole War in Florida and was promoted to first lieutenant.
In January 1847, he sailed on the steamship Lexington around Cape Horn with Henry Halleck and William Sherman. He arrived in Monterey, California, and assumed command of Battery F, 3rd U.S. Artillery, with orders to complete Fort Mervine, which was renamed Fort Halleck. Its construction was superintended by Lieutenant Ord and his second in command, Lieutenant Sherman. On February 17, 1865, the fort was renamed Ord Barracks. (It is now known as the Presidio of Monterey.)
Ord was in California when the gold rush began, with its resultant skyrocketing prices. Since their military salaries no longer covered living expenses, Ord's commander suggested that the younger officers take on other jobs to supplement their income. At about this time, Los Angeles officials needed to have a survey of the public lands in order to sell them, and Ord was hired as the surveyor. He chose William Rich Hutton as his assistant, and together the two mapped Los Angeles in July and August 1849. Thanks to the efforts of these two men, historians have a fairly good view of what the pueblo of Los Angeles looked like at the middle of the 19th century. Lieutenant Ord surveyed the pueblo and his assistant Hutton sketched many scenes of the pueblo and drew the first map from Ord's survey. The Los Angeles City Archives has the original map produced by Hutton from Ord's survey. Ord was paid $3000 for his work on this survey.
Ord was promoted to captain in 1850, while serving in the Pacific Northwest. He married Mary Mercer Thompson on October 14, 1854, and they eventually had thirteen children.
In 1859, while attending artillery school at Fort Monroe, Virginia, Ord was summoned by Secretary of War John B. Floyd to quell John Brown's raid on the Harpers Ferry Federal arsenal. However, Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee reached Harpers Ferry first, and Colonel Lee telegraphed to Captain Ord that the situation was under control and Ord and his men would not be needed at Harpers Ferry. They were instructed to halt at Fort McHenry in Baltimore.
[edit] Civil War
After the outbreak of the Civil War, Ord's first assignment was as a brigade commander in the Pennsylvania Reserves. In this capacity, he figured prominently in the Battle of Dranesville in the fall of 1861.
On May 3, 1862, Ord was promoted to the rank of major general of volunteers and assigned command of the 2nd Division of the Army of the Tennessee at Corinth. Although he was seriously wounded at the Battle of Hatchie's Bridge in Mississippi, he returned to duty and commanded the XIII Corps during the last part of the Vicksburg Campaign.
In 1864, Ord was transferred back to the Eastern Theater. During the Richmond-Petersburg Campaign, he commanded the XVIII Corps and was seriously wounded in the attack on Fort Harrison. He did not return to action until January 1865.
Ord's career peaked in the spring of 1865, when was assigned command of the Army of the James during the Appomattox Campaign. On April 9, he led a forced march to Appomattox Court House to relieve Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan's cavalry and force Lee's surrender. General Sherman said that he "had always understood that [Ord's] skillful, hard march the night before was one of the chief causes of Lee's surrender."[1]
Ord was present at the McLean House when Lee surrendered, and is often pictured in paintings of this event. When the surrender ceremony was complete, Ord purchased as a souvenir, for $40, the marble-topped table at which Lee had sat. It now resides in the Chicago Historical Society's Civil War Room.
[edit] Postbellum
During Reconstruction, Ord was assigned by Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant to command the Army of Occupation, headquartered at Richmond. Subsequently, he was assigned to the Department of the Ohio until he was mustered out of the volunteers in September 1866. On December 11, 1865, he received the commissions of lieutenant colonel and brigadier general in the Regular Army for the Battle of Hatchie's Bridge and brevet major general of volunteers for the assault of Fort Harrison, all dating from March 13, 1865. Subsequently, he had command of the Department of Arkansas, the Fourth Military District, and the Department of California.
Ord commanded the Department of the Platte from December 11, 1871, until April 11, 1875, when he was reassigned as the commander of the Department of Texas. He served in that role until his retirement on December 6, 1880. While he was stationed in Texas, he supervised the construction of Fort Sam Houston.
In January 1872, Ord was a member of the buffalo hunting excursion with the Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia on the plains of southwest Nebraska with American celebrities of the day. They included Philip Sheridan (second in command of the United States Army), Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer, Buffalo Bill Cody, Wild Bill Hickock, and Texas Jack Omohundro.
Ord retired from the army in 1880 with the rank of brevet major general, and at this time, General Sherman wrote of him, "He has had all the hard knocks of service, and never was on soft or fancy duty. He has always been called on when hard duty was expected, and never flinched."[1]
In 1881, Ord accepted an appointment with the Mexican Southern Railroad, owned by U. S. Grant and Jay Gould, as a civil engineer to build a railroad line from Texas to Mexico City.
Ord died in Havana, Cuba, from yellow fever. On the occasion of his death, General Sherman said of Ord, "As his intimate associate since boyhood, the General here bears testimony of him that a more unselfish, manly, and patriotic person never lived".[1] He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
[edit] In memoriam
The former Fort Ord in Monterey, California, was named for him. Ord, Nebraska, was named in his honor while he was serving as commander of the Department of the Platte. There is a bust of Ord on display in the library of California State University, Monterey Bay, in Seaside, California. There is a statue of Ord at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia. There is a bust of Ord at Grant's Tomb in New York City depicting him as one of five (Sherman, Thomas, McPherson, Sheridan, and Ord) sentinels watching over the tomb of President Ulysses S. Grant.
[edit] References
- Cody, William Frederick, An autobiography of Buffalo Bill (COLONEL W.F. CODY), Cosmopolitan Book Corporation, 1920.
- Cresap, Joseph Ord, and Cresap, Bernarr, The History of the Cresaps, The Cresap Society, McComb, Mississippi, 1937.
- Eicher, John H., and Eicher, David J., Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
- Ord, Edward Otho Cresap IV, American Civil War Society, Inc., Company Dispatch, August/September, 2005, Official newsletter of the American Civil War Society, page 5.
- Arlington National Cemetery website, Biography of Edward Otho Cresap Ord
- Fort Ord Alumni Association
- The United States Marines at Harpers Ferry, 1859, U.S. Marine Corps Historical Reference Series, number 10, Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U. S. Marine Corps, Washington, D. C., revised 1962.
- History of the Department of the Platte
- Handbook of Texas Online
- Souvenirs of the surrender at Appomattox
