Education in Myanmar
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Ph.D. | Years 6-9 | |
| Master's or M.B.B.S. | Years 5-6 | |
| University | degree-oriented | Years 3-4 |
| regional college | Years 1-2 | |
| Upper secondary | Standards 9-10 | |
| Lower secondary | Standards 6-8 | |
| Primary | Standards 1-5 | |
| Kindergarten | K1-K3 | |
| Note: Engineering takes 6 year study and Distance Learning degrees last five years in length, while Medicine is a six and half year long study, with a separate degree. | ||
The education system of Myanmar is operated by the Ministry of Education. Universities and professional institutes from upper Myanmar and lower Myanmar are run by two separate entities, the Departments of Higher Learning 1 and 2, whose offices are based in Mandalay and Yangon respectively. The education system is based on the United Kingdom's system, due to nearly a century of British presence in Myanmar. Nearly all schools are government-operated, but recently, there has been an increase in privately funded schools (which specialise in English). Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school, properbly about 9 years old, while the compulsory schooling age is 15 or 16 at international level. Many students attend universities at overseas countries such as Singapore and Thailand for a Master's degree.
The literacy rate of Myanmar, according the UNESCO Institute of Statistics (2005) stands at 89.7% (males: 93.7%, females: 86.2%), although there is dispute over the accuracy of the provided literacy rates.
English is taught as a second language from Kindergarten.
The annual budget allocated to education by the government is low; only about 1.2% is spent per year on education.
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[edit] History
When Burma gained independence in 1948, the government sought to create a literate and educated population, and Burma was believed to be on its way to become the first Asian Tiger in the region. However, military dictatorship took hold in 1962 and Burma became an isolated and impoverished nation. All schools were nationalised and standards began to fall. When the government renamed itself the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) in the early 1990s, major universities such as the University of Yangon (formerly known as Rangoon Arts and Sciences University) and the University of Mandalay were shut down due to continuing student unrest and protests. However, they were reopened in the late 1990s.
Today, Myanmar lags far behind in terms of educational standards. Once at its zenith in the region, Myanmar today has unqualified teachers, very little resources, and aging materials. Many universities have been built and scattered throughout cities to prevent students from potential unrest.
[edit] Preschool and Kindergarten
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[edit] Primary education
Primary education is officially compulsory, although many children do not attend. It lasts five years, and to continue onto secondary school, students must pass a comprehensive examination of basic subjects.
[edit] Secondary education
Secondary education is divided into Middle Schools (standards 6 - 8), and upon passing the Basic Education Standard VIII Examination, students continue onto High Schools, which cover standards 9 -10. At the end of standard 10, students must pass the Basic Education Standard X Examination (matriculation exam.) in order to receive their diplomas. Those, who pass six subjects with substantially higher scores, continue their tertiary education at the Institutes of Medicine in Yangon or Mandalay or Magway. Students who do pass the matriculation examination receive either Diploma A or Diploma B. Those with Diploma A are allowed to continue their educations at university.
Secondary schools are usually combined, containing both middle and high schools. Children of military personnel and those with military connections are often given easier access to the more prestigious secondary schools. There is much corruption in educational equality.
[edit] Tertiary education
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Tertiary education is provided by universities and institutes (training schools, colleges, and professional institutes). They are all state institutions, under the control of Departments of Higher Education (for both lower and upper Myanmar). The Institutes of medicine are under the authority of the Ministry of Health. All tertiary education tuition fees are state-financed, and therefore free.
The oldest and most prestigious university in Myanmar is the University of Yangon (formerly Rangoon Arts and Sciences University), which was founded in 1878 as a subsidiary of the University of Calcutta.
After the student-led pro-democracy 8888 Uprising, all universities and high schools were put off with a prolonged period and later higher educational system was reshuffled under different administration of the Ministries of Myanmar. The regime has continued to tightly restrict student political activity.
[edit] List of universities in Myanmar
The following list is of higher education institutes in Myanmar (formerly Burma):
- Bago Degree College, (
) - Bhamo Degree College, (
) - Dagon University, (
) - Dawei Education College
- Dawei University, (
) - Defense Services Academy, Pyin-Oo-Lwin, (
) - East Yangon University
- Hinthada University, Henzada, (
) - Hlegu Education College
- Hpaan Education College, Hpa-An
- Hpaan University, (
) - Kalay University, Pyidawtha, (
) - Kyainge Tong Degree College, Kengtong, (
) - Kyaukse Education College
- Kyaukse University, (
) - Lashio Degree College, (
) - Loikaw University, (
) - Magway Education College
- Magway University, (
) - Magway University of Medicine, (
) - Mandalay Education College
- Mandalay Institute of Technology, (
) - Mandalay University, (
) - Mandalay University of Computer Science, (
) - Mandalay University of Distance Education
- Mandalay University of Foreign Languages
- Mandalay University of Medicine, (
) - Maubin University[citation needed], (
) - Mawlamyaing Education College
- Mawlamyaing University, (
) - Meikhtila Education College
- Meikhtila Institute of Economics, (
) - Meikhtila University, (
) - Mohnyin Degree College, Mohnyin Township, Kachin State, (
) - Monywa Education College
- Monywa Institute of Economics, (
) - Monywa University, (
) - Myaung Mya Education College
- Myeik University, Mergui, (
) - Myin Chan Education College[citation needed]
- Myitkyina Education College
- Myitkyina University, (
) - Myanmar Institute of Theology
- Pakokku Education College
- Pakokku University, (
) - Panglong University, (
) - Pathein Education College
- Pathein University, (
) - Pyay University, (
) - Sagaing Institute of Education
- Sagaing Education College
- Shwebo Degree College, (
) - Sittway University, (
) - Taungoo Education College
- Taungoo University, (
) - Taunggyi Education College
- Taunggyi University, (
) - Thingangyun Education College, Thingangyun Township, Yangon
- West Yangon University
- Workers' College[citation needed]
- Yadanarbon University[citation needed], (
) - Yangon Institute of Economics, (
) - Yangon Institute of Education
- Yangon Institute of Marine Technology, (
) - Yangon Institute of Nursing, (
) - Yangon Technological University, (
) - Yangon University, (
) - Yangon University of Culture, (
) - Yangon University of Dental Medicine, (
) - Yangon University of Distant Education, (
) - Yangon University of Foreign Languages, (
) - Yangon University of Computer Studies, (UCSY), (
) - Yangon University of Medicine-1, (
) - Yangon University of Medicine-2 (North Okklar), (
) - Yangon University of Para-medical Science, (
) - Yangon University of Phamacy, (
) - Yankin Education College, Yankin Township, Yangon
- Yenanchaung Degree College[citation needed]
- Yezin University of Agriculture, (
) - Yezin University of Forestry (
) - Yezin Institute of Veterinary Science, Pyinmana, (
)
[edit] References
- UNESCO Education in Myanmar. UNESCO. Retrieved 13 February 2006.
[edit] External links
Categories: Articles to be expanded since January 2007 | All articles to be expanded | NPOV disputes | Cleanup from May 2006 | All pages needing cleanup | Articles with unsourced statements since March 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Education in Myanmar | Lists of universities and colleges | Universities and colleges in Myanmar
