Edmund Scientific Corporation
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Edmund Scientific Corporation was a company based in Barrington, New Jersey, USA that specialized in supplying surplus optics and other items via its mail order catalog and Factory Store. During four decades from the 1940's to the 1970's Edmund Scientific was virtually unique in its offerings and was of cultural importance in the lives of young and old scientific hobbyists.
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[edit] Early history
In 1942 amateur photographer Norman C. Edmund found it hard to find lenses he needed for his hobby. This led him to advertise lenses for sale in photography magazines. It was so successful he founded "Edmund Salvage Corporation." It soon changed its name to Edmund Scientific Corporation and made its name with ads in publications like Scientific American as a supplier of chipped lenses, war-surplus optics, and low cost scientific gadgetry. Its advertisements caught the attention of hobbyists, amateur astronomers, high school students, and cash-strapped researchers.
[edit] War surplus
Edmund Scientific was part of the post-World War II "war surplus" phenomenon, when the U.S. government sold off large quantities of materials. These items were disposed of at very low cost and were available to small entrepreneurs, some of whom thrived by finding markets for them. "Army and Navy Stores" were a national phenomenon and originally sold actual military-surplus clothing. Surplus electronics found an outlet in dozens of shops, in New York City's "Radio Row" and elsewhere. A few issued catalogs and developed national mail-order businesses. Edmund was, however, the only widely-known supplier of surplus optics.
The core of Edmund’s offerings was surplus lenses. These were single-element lenses, shipped in 2.5x4.25-inch (63x108 mm) coin envelopes, with the approximate diameter and focal length stenciled on them. Reflecting their salvage and surplus origins, available diameters and focal lengths did not fall into regular progressions. Edmund published crudely printed, stapled "books" describing experiments that could be performed with their lenses, and plans for building telescopes and other optical equipment.
Edmund also sold lens "kits." The ten-lens kit cost less than $10 and included a booklet of plans for instruments that could supposedly be built with them. Unlike Heathkits, which were absolutely complete kits requiring only soldering and assembly, Edmund's "kits" consisted of only the lenses. A great deal of skill and effort would have been needed to fashion the telescopes, microscopes, or opaque projectors described. And, of course, with single-element lenses the optical quality of the resulting instruments would not be high. Nevertheless, if a junior high school student wanted to follow in Galileo's footsteps, by taking a cardboard tube from a roll of paper towels, taping a positive lens and a negative lens into it, going into the backyard, and pointing it at Jupiter, Edmund could supply the necessary resources at a price commensurate with his or her means. Edmund even sold high-quality, thick, black cardboard tubes.
[edit] Edmund's heyday
Following Sputnik, Edmund was able to capitalize on a growing national interest in science and astronomy. They expanded their business into a full line of telescopes and telescope kits as well as equipment, parts, and supplies for other scientific fields such as physics, optics, chemistry, electronics, and meteorology. They continued to grow as a supplier to teachers and schools with demonstration devices and kits that covered most fields of science.
Edmund's catalog and "Factory Store" in Barrington, New Jersey (with bins and shelves full of surplus and hard to find items which never made it into the catalogs) became a source for optical and mechanical parts useful in the field of amateur telescope making. A compilation of Edmunds earlier pamphlets published as the book "All About Telescopes" offered many designs for telescopes of all sizes and configurations (which of course directed the builder to the relative Edmund catalog part numbers needed for each design).
Edmunds catered to the 60's generation by expanding and highlighting their line of projectors, color wheels, black lights, filters, and other optical devices that could be used by rock bands and in psychedelic light shows. Other items that catered to the counterculture were eventually added to the catalog covering the fields of Biofeedback, ESP, Kirlian photography, Pyramid power, and alternative energy. In 1971, in the Whole Earth Catalog of items "relevant to independent education," Stewart Brand noted: "Edmund is the best source we know of for low-cost scientific gadgetry (including math and optics gear). [In this category,] many of the items we found independently... turned up in the Edmund catalog, so we were obliged to recommend that in this area we've been precluded." That is, the Edmund catalog was virtually a Whole Earth Catalog for items related to scientific fields.
[edit] End of an era
In the 1970s, as the viability of Edmund's business model waned, Norman Edmund's son Robert Edmund refashioned the business into two new ones: "Edmund Scientifics" and "Edmund Optics:" worthy and successful enterprises, neither of which had Edmund Scientific Corporation's unique character or status. Edmund Scientifics marketed to consumers and specialized in science-themed toys, vaguely high-tech household gadgets, and "science gifts." As of 2004, Edmund Optics markets first-quality, brand-new custom and specialized optics to corporations. It still sells lens kits, such as their item NT54-673. Unlike the haphazard assortment of diameters and focal lengths found in the old Edmund chipped-lens kits, this kit contains thirteen lenses of uniform diameter in a regularly-spaced progression of focal lengths. Instead of single lens elements, these are achromats.
[edit] Edmund Scientific today
Edmund Scientific was purchased by Science Kit and Boreal Laboratories, a western New York based science supply company, in 2000. Science Kit and Boreal Laboratories is part of a group of companies that provide science supplies to elementary, middle, and high schools as well as colleges and universities. This group falls under the unofficial umbrella "VWR Education" and are owned by VWR International, a multi-national conglomerate with offices in India, China, Europe, Canada and the United States.
As of 2007, online sales now make up the bulk of Edmund Scientific's revenues. The company still sells telescopes, microscopes, surplus optics, magnets and fresnel lenses, but the emphasis is on science-themed toys, novelty items, gifts, and gadgets.
[edit] See also
For many years EfstonScience in Toronto mirrored Edmund Scientific's style in terms of catalog sales and "collection of junk" factory store, re-selling much of Edmund's catalog. In the 1980s they moved to a new location with a much more "upscale" approach, and today refer to themselves as "Canada's Science & Astronomy SuperStore".
[edit] References
- The Last Whole Earth Catalog, (1971), ed. Stewart Brand et. al.
- Preface to Edmund Scientific Catalog 751 Copyright 1974 Edmund Scientific Co.
- EfstonScience Company Profile
[edit] External links
- Edmund Optics Website of the professional optics company
- Edmund Scientific Website of the science supplies and gifts company
