Durandus of Saint-Pourçain

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Durandus of Saint-Pourçain (b. c. 1275 at Saint-Pourçain, Auvergne; d. 13 September 1332 / 10 September 1334, at Meaux) was a French philosopher and theologian.

He entered the Dominican Order at Clermont, and obtained the doctoral degree at Paris in 1313. John XXII called him to Avignon as Master of the Sacred Palace, where he expounded the Scriptures.

In 1318 he was consecrated Bishop of Le Puy-en-Velay and was transferred to Meaux in 1326. He is known as Doctor Resolutissimus owing to his strenuous advocacy of certain opinions novel to the Schoolmen of his day.

His writings include

commentaries on the Sentences (Paris, 1508)
De origine jurisdictionum(Paris, 1506)
a treatise on the condition of holy souls after their separation from the body.

His nominalism was so much opposed to the contemporary philosophic realism that the third period of Scholasticism is made to begin with him. He rejects both the sensible and the intelligible species, introduced, he says, to explain sense-perception, as also the active intellect. He denies the principle of individuation, as distinct from the specific nature of the individual.

In theology he argues for a separation of natural knowledge from that obtained through faith and revelation. Certain dogmas, as that of the Trinity, cannot be shown not to contain impossibilities, but to believe them, withal increases the merit of faith. Because the miracles of Christ do not prove His Divinity, His acceptance by the faithful enhances the merit of believing. After all, he says, theology is not strictly a science, since it rests on faith, not on the first principles of knowledge. In theology it is sufficient to know the idea of him who, being inspired, cannot err. He teaches, besides, that all actions proceed from God Who gives the power to act, but this is no immediate influx of the Creator upon the actions of the creature. The sacraments are only causes without which grace is not conferred. Marriage is not strictly a sacrament. He also insinuates that Christ could be present in the Eucharist with the substances of bread and wine remaining.

Throughout, Durandus shows submission to the corrective prerogative of the Church, the exercise of which was not unnecessary. By order of Pope John XXII the treatise De statu animarum was examined, and was found to contain eleven errors.

[edit] References

Quétif-Echard, Scriptores O. P., I, 586
A. Stöckl, Geschichte der Philosophie im M. A., II, 976
Hauréau, De la philosophie scolastique, Pt. II (Paris, 1880), II 3446
Mortier, Histoire des mâitres géneraux de l'Ordre de Frères Prêcheurs (Paris, 1907) III, 69-86; La faculté de théologie de Paris et ses docteurs la plus célèbres, III, 401-408.