Duomo di Viterbo
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The Duomo di Viterbo, (or Viterbo Cathedral), officially named the Cathedral of San Lorenzo is the main Roman Catholic church of the city of Viterbo in the Province of Viterbo in the northern part of the Italian state of Lazio. The church is an imposing Romanesque structure situated high on the hill which the city climbs, but it lacks much of the spectacular decoration with which it was originally adorned, thanks to an ill-advised sixteenth century reconstruction.
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[edit] History
[edit] Site
The cathedral was, according to legend, built on the site of an Etruscan temple to Hercules and although this can not be verified, Etruscan and Roman foundations can be seen on several of the buildings which make up the Plaza di San Lorenzo where the duomo is situated. An early medieval parish church to Saint Lawrence had formerly occupied the area before construction began on the cathedral in the late twelfth century. Even as the duomo was constructed, the town was already spreading northwards down the hill, leaving the plaza somewhat isolated on the highest edges of town, thus restricting it’s attraction to the townsfolk, a disadvantage which the local bishops for years attempted to reverse by granting the cathedral special religious privileges.
[edit] Use as a Papal residence
The cathedral was at the height of its significance during the middle and end of the thirteenth century, when it and the attached Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo was the home of the papal throne following its flight from Rome and prior to its resettlement in Avignon. Two popes are known to have been buried in the duomo, and others may have been during the period between 1261 and 1277. The first of these popes was Pope Alexander IV, whose tomb was bizarrely demolished during sixteenth century renovations, and the location of his remains are now unknown save that he lies somewhere inside the church. Pope John XXI is more clearly marked despite several relocations, with a handsome tombstone originally laid over him following his death in 1277 when his study's ceiling in the papal palace attached to the cathedral suddenly collapsed into the room below due to structural weaknesses as he slept.
[edit] Construction
The duomo as built in the twelfth century is east-facing and sits high on the hill with the attached Papal palace overlooking the town spread below. Its façade oddly contrasts with surrounding buildings as it is not built from local stone, instead constructed with imported materials during Gambarra’s reconstruction. It is sparsely decorated, but at its centre is a rose window, although without any from of stained-glass decoration. There are two similar but smaller windows positioned further down over two smaller entrances aside the main entrance, again undecorated. Therefore, in total there is 33 windows. The only indication of the original decoration of the cathedral can be seen on the neighboring campanile, which is clad in alternating bands of local white travertine and blue-green basalt stone in a manner similar to the entire Duomo di Orvieto.
[edit] Reconstruction
During the middle of the sixteenth century, the cathedral came under the power of a Cardinal Gambarra, scion of a wealthy Italian family who paid for extensive reconstruction of the medieval building, including the demolition of the façade, roof and central apse (including a Papal tomb). He also knocked holes in the walls to create extra chapels and replaced much of the internal art, wood and stone decorations as well as the stained glass windows. Prominent amongst his new decorations were depictions of seafood, especially lobsters and prawns, giving the land-bound cathedral a strangely nautical look. (His name Gambarra translates as prawn from the Italian, and seafood featured heavily on his coat of arms). In 1861, a further bishop also replaced the ceiling, lowering it to disguise the intricate truss and beam work of Gambarra’s creation. Much of this heavy-handed work has since been removed or replaced with what remains of original furnishings, especially following the Second World War, during which the cathedral and the city in general were quite heavily damaged by Allied bombing raids and the shelling of both sides.
[edit] Art
The cathedral lacks many of the famous artworks which make its Italian contemporaries so famous, largely due to its relatively recent renovation. The main works which line the apse are post-renovation pieces by the local artist Giovanni Francesco Romanelli during the eighteenth century as well as several more by his contemporaries. Only two notable early artworks survive, a painting of Redentore benedicte (Christ giving a blessing) from 1472 thought to be the work of Gerolamo da Cremona and a Madonna with child, which appears to be an earlier version of the famous painting in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. It has been moved here from the Viterbese parish church it was painted in during the late twelfth century, although the artist remains unknown. The cathedral also possesses an impressive baptismal font constructed initially by Francesco da Ancona in 1470 before later additions.
[edit] Plaza di San Lorenzo
The plaza itself, although dominated by the duomo and its campanile also posses several other important buildings, including the town's oldest hospital in a medieval building which once housed the cathedral administration offices as well as providing a fortified townhouse for one of Italy’s numerous feuding medieval families. The Etruscan foundations of this building are clearly visible from street level. To the south of the plaza is the House of Valentino della Pagnotta, another wealthy Viterbese nobleman, whose original house remains one of the city’s best preserved medieval structures, despite its almost total reconstruction (to original specifications) following a direct hit from an Allied bomb in World War Two. The ground floor now houses the cathedral’s gift shop.
The plaza boasts several small fountains and a number of other medieval buildings, but it dominated on its north-facing side by the Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo, which was constructed in 1266 following the Papal move to the city, and the original location of the initiation of the conclave tradition, taken from the Italian con clave or with keys. The cardinals were reportedly taking so long picking a new pope following the death of Pope Clement IV in 1268 that they were bankrupting local businesses. This drove the infuriated local people to lock the cardinals inside the palace and to steal the roof exposing those inside to the elements. They only returned the slates and unlocked the door once a decision had been reached. The rest of the plaza is taken up by the ruins of the palace’s loggia, half of which tumbled into the valley below around 1300 and was never repaired.
