Duffield Castle, Derbyshire

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Duffield Castle was a Norman Castle in Duffield, Derbyshire.

It was on a steep-sided rocky promontory facing the river, easily defended, though it is debatable whether it was inhabited in prehistoric times. It is also controversial whether the Romans maintained a military presence to protect the ford, nearby, across which the convoys of lead from Wirksworth joined Rykneld Street at Derventio (now part of Derby), en route for the North Sea ports.

Remains, however, that appear to be of Anglo Saxon origin, have been found, suggesting occupation by persons of some position, possibly a Saxon Thane of the name of Siward, or his relatives. Considerable amounts of Roman or Romano-British pottery have also been found, including roof tiles of Roman pattern. Sadly, though some of the artefacts that were discovered were lodged with the Derby Museum, while others were kept in the Parish Room, many have disappeared.

What is known, however that, in, or around, 1066 Henry de Ferrars (sometimes spelt Ferrers), having rendered great service to King William, was granted estates in Derbyshire, which became known as Duffield Frith. This extended between Heage and Shottle on the North, and Tutbury on the South. He built a castle at Tutbury, and made it his chief seat; but he needed an outpost to protect his lands further north, so built another castle, probably of wood, at Duffield.

His third son, Robert, distinguished himself in the Battle of the Standard against the Scots in 1138 and was made the Earl of Derby.

His great grandson, William, who succeeded to the position in 1162 joined the King's sons in a rebellion against their father, Henry II and in 1173 both castles were destroyed.

Following him was his second, William, who was a favourite of King John who restored his earldom along with the manors of Wirksworth, Ashbourne and, later, Horsley Castle. At some time, the castles at Tutbury and Duffield were rebuilt, this time of stone. The next William also enjoyed many Royal favours.

The next Earl, Robert, the seventh generation, rebelled against Henry III who retaliated by destroying Tutbury Castle. However Robert rebelled again and being defeated in battle at Chesterfield was dispossessed in 1269 and Duffield Castle was destroyed. His lands were given to Prince Edmund, who was shortly afterwards created Earl of Lancaster.

The castle was literally razed to the ground, much of the stone being scavenged for other buildings, and gradually became overgrown. Memories of a castle persisted, preserved in the name of "Castle Orchard", which extended from the present cottages of that name at the base of the castle mound, to the Hazlewood Road. The site was rediscovered in 1885.

When it was excavated, the foundations of a traditional Norman motte and bailey castle were discovered, with a stone keep built upon it. What was remarkable was the size of the latter, about 98 feet in length and 95 feet in breath, only slightly smaller than the White Tower in London.

The grounds have been preserved, with the foundations marked out, and are owned by the National Trust although upkeep is carried out by the Parish Council.

As a postscript, the de Ferrers family in Normandy presided over an important centre for iron manufacture. It has been suggested that this is the origin of nailmaking in Belper.

[edit] References

Cox, J.C., Duffield Castle; its history, site, and recently found remains; with some account of the seven Earl Ferrers who held it. geneal. tab., Derbyshire Archaeological Journal, vol. 9, 1887
Manby, T.G., Duffield Castle Excavations 1957., DAJ, vol. 79, 1959